The aim of the study is to evaluate neurons and synapses of the sensorimotor cortex, hippocampus and amygdala of the brain of white rats in the normal state and after 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Material and methods. Light microscopy, immunohistochemistry (synaptophysin or P38) and morphometry were used to study the total numerical density of neurons and the area of sections of synaptic terminals of the brain in normal (n=5) and 1, 3, 7, 14, 30 days (n=25) after acute ischemia. Results. Within 30 days of the postischemic period, of the sensorimotor cortex in the layer III irreversible destruction have been 21.5% and in layer V of 19.0% of neurons in field CA₁ of the hippocampus - 33.0%, CA₃ - 17,4%, СА₄ - 5.3% of neurons in the amygdala - the 15.1% average and 6.2% of the large neurons. The decrease in the relative area of P38-positive material of mainly axospines and axodendritic synapses changed the ratio of functioning synapses on the bodies and dendrites of neurons in favor of axosomatic, which are mainly inhibitory. Conclusion. All of this could be the basis of recovery and of dysfunction of interneuronal relationships, predisposing to the development of postischemic encephalopathy.

The aim of the study - to analyze the content of the muscular component of the body in girls of 16-20 years old belonging to different constitutional groups. Material and methods. 729 girls (400 at the age of 16-17 years, and 329 at the age of 18-20 years) were explored by the method of complex anthropometry and bioimpedance. Statistical processing of digital materials was to calculate the arithmetic mean values, their errors. The evaluation of the reliability of differences in arithmetic mean values was carried out by the method of confidence intervals. Results. Girls of leptosomic groups of the constitutions are identified in 20.5% of cases, mesosomic group - in 34,2% of cases, megalosomic group at 35,7% of cases, the indeterminate group and in 9,6% of cases. The obtained data on the content of muscle mass indicate that the studied indicators significantly depend on the belonging of girls to a particular constitutional group. The absolute content of muscular components of the girls of leptosomic group of the constitution is substantially less than women of other constitutional groups. Conclusion. The study received a quantitative of girls of different constitutional groups in the studied population; obtained data on the characteristics of the absolute and the percentage of muscular component of the body depending on the type of constitution, allow us to conclude about the individual variability of the severity of these indicators and the data obtained can be used to create the passport's physical development in contemporary conditions.

The aim of this research was to study the localization of alpha-synuclein in hippocampal structures of rat brain in normal condition. Material and methods. As a material for the study, hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats (n=10) with absence of verified neurodegeneration signs was used. The material obtained was fixed in zinc-ethanol-formaldehyde, a fixative providing high preservation of antigenic determinants. The detection of alpha-synuclein was carried out using the immunohistochemistry method. Results. In the study intensive diffuse staining of hippocampal CA₃ zone neuropilewas revealed, with predominant distribution of alpha-synuclein in stratum lucidum and stratum radiatum, which are rich in synaptic contacts of the mossy fibers of dentate gyrus. Alpha-synuclein is presented in the form of cluster of granules that have mainly rounded shape and linear size of 1.6±0.5 µm. Also a positive reaction to alpha-synuclein was detected in the pyramidal layer of CA₁ and CA₃ zones in the form of cytoplasmic granules (inclusions). It is noted that in the CA₁ zone the number of detected granules is much larger than in CA₃ zone. Conclusion. Normally, the localization of alpha-synuclein-immunopositive granules corresponds to stratum lucidum and stratum radiatum of hippocampal CA₃ zone, being an integral part of presynaptic endings of mossy fibers of dentate gyrus. In addition to terminal endings, alpha-synuclein is detected in the pyramidal neurons bodies of the CA₁ and CA₃ zones of the hippocampus. Further study of this protein in both normal and pathological conditions, as well as the development of human neurodegenerative diseases models on laboratory animals, will provide the understanding of prospects of alpha-synuclein as a marker of the synaptic state of mossy fibers and the development of structural and functional changes in them.

The study of of dental arches morphology is relevant for the improvement and development of new diagnostic and surgical methods. The aim is to make a comparative evaluation of the dental arches width on the upper jaw in mature aged men with physiological occlusion depending on the craniotype. Material and methods. The morphometric parameters of the maxillary dental arches’ width have been studied. The work was performed on 172 preparations of mature aged male skulls with physiological occlusion of teeth. The cranial index was defined as the ratio of the transverse dimension of neurocranium to its longitudinal dimension. When examining dental arches, the main points were set on the medial and distal corners of the tooth crowns from the vestibular and palatal sides. The width of the maxillary dental arch was measured between canines, premolars and molars. Results. The values of the width indices of both the vestibular and palatal sides of the maxillary dental arches at all levels of measurement prevail in the brachycranial type of the skull. The indicators of the maxillary dental arches width in mesocranes are more then those in dolichocranes only at canines and the first premolars. At the second premolars and molars, the difference in the average statistical parameters of the width of the dental arches was not observed. Conclusions. The width of maxillary dental arches in men of mature age depends on craniotype. The new data obtained as a result of the research, supplement and expand the information on the studied parameters, both in theoretical and clinical aspects.

The aim of the study is to obtain quantitative data on the absolute and relative content of the body fat component in girls of different constitutional groups living in the Moscow region. Material and methods. The content of body fat in 722 girls, students, residents of Moscow and Moscow region, representatives of the Slavic ethnos was determined by the method of bioimpedance measurements. Thickness of subcutaneous fat folds was determined by the method of caliperometry. The result of the anthropometric survey identified the presence of asthenic, stenoplastic somatotype (leptosomic constitution), endomorph, mesoplastic somatotypes (mesosomic constitution), athletic, subatellite and europlastic somatotypes (megalosomic constitution). Results. In the studied population, regardless of age, is dominated by girls mesosomic (32.5-39.0%) and megalosomic (31.5-33.3%) groups, several less commonly detected women leptosomic (the 18.6-24.3%) and unspecified (9.1-11.7%) of the constitutions. Thickness of subcutaneous fat folds is dominated by girls mesosomic constitution, and has a minimum value when leptosomic. The absolute content of the fat mass is also smaller when leptosomic constitution. In 20 years the thickness of subcutaneous fat folds, as well as the absolute content of body fat mass in mesosomic, megalosomic and uncertain constitution mainly increases, and the girls leptosomic body almost does not change. Conclusion. The studies have shown a significant impact of the constitutional affiliation of girls on the severity of their fat component, which was proved by both caliper measurement and as a result of bioimpedance studies. Age-related changes in the fat content of the body are also associated with the constitutional type.

Assessment of the condition of the alveolar bone is important for the choice of treatment methods for many types of pathology of the dentoalveolar system. The aim of the study was to identify morphofunctional disorders and changes in the optical density of bone tissue of the alveolar process of the maxilla and the alveolar part of the mandible arising from the effects of chronic odontogenic foci of infection. Material and methods. Histological examination of the edges of the alveoli of the removed teeth was carried out in 40 patients with chronic forms of periodontitis. Bony fragments were removed on medical reasons for the prevention of postextraction pain. Decalcification was carried out in Trilon B solution, microtome tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The density of bone tissue was determined on the intraoral radiovisiograms of the removed teeth and intact teeth in 80 persons of the control group. Results. It is established that with chronic forms of periodontitis under the periosteum of the alveolar processes (parts), osteoclastic resorption occurs either in the plane of the bone or with the formation of gauchepic lacunae. The channels of the osteons and the folkman channels widen, and in their circles there are also foci of resorption. Appear pycnosis of osteocytes and extensive areas with empty and dilated osseous lacunae. In the zones of osteolysis, either connective or coarse-fibrous bone tissue is formed. The optical density of bone tissue in patients is significantly less than in individuals with intact teeth. Conclusions. Toxins from chronic odontogenic foci of infection activate the processes of bone resorption of the alveolar process (part) of the jaws and inhibit reparative osteogenesis. The resulting rarefaction of bone tissue leads to a decrease in its optical density.

The aim of the study was to reveal the features of the morphological structure and ultrasonic signs of Baker's cyst in patients of different ages. Material and methods. The study is based on a sonographic study of 213 patients (mean age 57.2±9.9 years) and 10 children aged 6 to 10 years with a detected Baker cyst. The size of the cyst was studied, its position, relationship with surrounding tissues was examined on sonographic equipment. In addition, parameters were measured, including the thickness of the synovium, the presence of septa and echo-inclusions, the degree of echogenicity of the contents of the cyst. All patients underwent open extirpation of the cyst followed by its morphological analysis. All manipulations were carried out after signing the informed consent of the patient or his legal representatives according to the recommendations "About legal, legislative and ethical norms and requirements in the performance of scientific morphological studies". Preparation of the histological material obtained after the removal of Baker's cyst was carried out according to standard procedures, followed by staining with hemothoxylin-eosin and Van Guzon. The obtained preparations were examined under a light microscope with the possibility of displaying an image on a computer monitor Results. In all adults with an identified Baker cyst, gonarthrosis of varying severity was detected, in contrast to children who had no such joint pathology. Morphological differences in the transformation of the tissues of education in different age groups were also significant. The difference was noted in the form of unexpressed dystrophy of the synovial membrane and the absence of necrotic and degenerative changes in the wall of the cyst in children. Conclusions. This work demonstrated several significant ultrasound and morphological differences in the popliteal cyst in children and adults.

The aim of this work was to establish the relationship between the clinical course of polytrauma in persons who died in medical organizations in a relatively remote posttraumatic period with pathomorphological changes in internal organs and postmortal biochemical shifts. Material and methods. The article presents the results of the analysis of 140 cases of death affected with mechanical trauma in the second and third periods of traumatic disease, including the studying of documented material (original medical card hospital patient, expert archival documents), personal conduct expert studies, holding tanatogenesis analysis, evaluation of results of autopsy, postmortem histological and biochemical studies and their comparison with the clinical data described in the medical records. Results. According to the results of the study, it was found that regardless of the terms of hospitalization in the post-traumatic period exceeding 3 days, the results of various “posthumous” studies (the corpse, its organs, tissues and fluids) actually reflect the final traumatic disease of the corresponding period of hospitalization, are not strictly specific, so often do not allow to speak about a specific nosological unit that led to the development of fatal complications. More such studies provide an opportunity to confirm or deny the presence of the described clinical complications premortal period, to determine the tanatogenesis (mechanism of death) and its compliance with the “picture” of dying. Therefore, information from medical documentation about the clinical course of polytrauma, its manifestations and complications, confirmed by in vivo laboratory methods of research and methods of radiation diagnosis, with their proper expert evaluation, are of fundamental diagnostic importance for the scientifically grounded and objective establishment of the main (original) cause of death, developed tanatogenetically significant complications and their relationship with the injury.

The purpose of the study is to identify the frequency of occurrence of different forms of the left auricle with different forms of the heart. Material and methods. For the study, 58 hearts were used, obtained from females 62-74 years old, who died from causes not related to the pathology of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac specimens were examined after fixing them with a 5% formalin solution under constant hydrostatic pressure for 10 days. The measurements were carried out using a caliper. The volume of the left atrial appendage was measured by filling its cavity with water. The shape of the heart was evaluated using a transverse-longitudinal index (TLI,%). Statistical processing of data was carried out using statistical programs Microsoft Excel. Results. Left auricle shape and volume of the are studied depending on the transverse longitudinal index of the heart, which determines the form of this organ. It is noted that the worm-shaped left auricle is more common among aged women with a dolichomorphic heart shape (71,4%); the “cock's comb” shape was determined with a greater frequency in the brachymorphic cardiac form (66.7%); the blade-like left auricle was more often observed in mesomorphic heart form (30.8%). It was established that the hearts with a worm-like shape of the left auricle had significantly more often oval fossa of vertically oriented (52.4%) and round (42.9%) forms. The “cock's comb” form of left auricle was more typical for round (50.0%) and horizontal (31.8%) oval fossa. The blade-shaped left auricle was more often detected (50.0%) with vertically oriented oval fossa. Conclusions. The selection of the three main forms of the left auricle allowed the correlation of this feature to be established with the shape of the heart, determined from the transverse longitudinal index, which makes it possible to classify the form of left auricle into the category of indicators associated with the local constitution of the heart.

The aim was to study the morphology of the pancreas in embryogenesis and to analyze the immunophenotype of ductal adenocarcinoma (DA) and ampullary carcinoma (AC), taking into account the data obtained. Material and methods . The analysis of operative material of 30 patients with AC and 100 patients with DA was performed. To study the embryogenesis of the pancreas, 14 abortive human embryos were studied. The work used general histological and immunohistochemical methods of investigation. Results. Analyzing the morphology of the pancreas of human embryos at different times of gestational development, we came to the conclusion, that the pancreatobiliary epithelium type is more specialized. Pancreatobiliary tumor immunophenotype was detected in 61% of cases of DA. In 28% of cases (28/100) gastric immunophenotype of DA was detected, which is characterized by expression of mucin 5AC type. Only 11% intestinal immunophenotype of a tumor with isolated expression of mucin type 2 (cytoplasmic reaction) was revealed. In the study of AC, the material was distributed as follows: group with an intestinal phenotype was 60%; with pancreato-biliary type - 33.3%. Conclusion. We believe that for DA with intestinal immunophenotype, it is unacceptable to apply the same treatment regimen as for AC, since this cancer does not have a full intestinal differentiation, but acquires only a similar immunohistochemical profile. In contrast, for AC with pancreatobiliary immunophenotype, the use of standard regimens based on gemcitabine is justified, because these tumors evolve from the hybrid epithelium and retain all the properties of the pancreatobiliary epithelium.

The aim of the study was to establish the normative parameters of the astrocytes’ and neuroblasts’ distribution in the rostral migratory stream and in different layers of the rats’ olfactory bulbs in the evolutionary period by the positivity of the specific GFAP and DCX markers and to identify possible correlations between the GFAP and DCX expression levels. Material and methods. The olfactory bulbs of twenty male Wistar rats of 30-, 60-, 90-, 180-day-old age were used as the study material. These groups correspond to the infantile, juvenile and mature ages. The distribution of GFAP, a marker of astrocytes and DCX, a marker of immature neurons, in olfactory bulbs and a rostral migratory stream were investigated. These markers were detected on the parasagittal sections with distribution for olfactory bulb layers. The numerical density of GFAP+ astrocytes (cell/mm²), the area of their processes’ distribution, the bodies’ average sizes and the numerical density of DCX+ neurons (cell/mm²) were determined. Results. As a result age-related normative characteristics of astrocyte density, median distribution of their processes and numerical density of immature neurons were established. Correlations between expression of DCX and GFAP in rostral stream and granular layer of olfactory bulb were recognized. According to the received data the peak of postnatal neurogenesis intensity occurs at the juvenile age (60-90 days). The numerical density of neuroblasts depends on the layer of the bulb and the age of the animal. The numerical density of astrocytes also has topographic and age features, the area of distribution of the processes of astrocytes varies in opposition to their numerical density. The results obtained are the basis for assessing the response of glia and stem niches to different types of effects.

The purpose of the study was to determine some constitutional features of the histological structure of the human knee menisci. Material and methods. Internal and external menisci of both knee joints of 84 corpses of men aged from 32 to 55 years were studied. After a standard fixation of the biological material, meniscus sections were prepared at the level of their anterior and posterior horns, and of the body. Then pre-stained hematoxylin-eosin prepared histological specimens were subjected to a survey microscopy, description and morphometry of the cuts of knee joint meniscus specimens. For the individualizing the revealed features, anthropometric research was carried out with all the investigated objects, followed by self-typing using the W.L.Rees-N.J.Eysenck method. Results. As a result of the study, the presence of age-specific features of the histological structure of the meniscus was established. In addition, it is proved that menisci of knee joints of men of picnic type of constitution, in contrast to representatives of other types of physique, are subject to structural changes in the histological pattern at the level of the hindbust. For men of asthenic type of physique, such changes at the level of the anterior horn of the meniscus are characteristic in comparison with other sites of the meniscus. Conclusion. Traumatologists and sports physicians can use the revealed features of the histological structure of meniscus knee joints in men of different body types at the stages of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the knee joints, as well as in the development of measures to prevent the development of destructive changes in them. In addition, research data may influence the choice of certain rehabilitation exercises that help strengthen specific areas of the ligamentous apparatus of the knee joints of patients who have damaged menisci.

The aim of the study is to determine functional and proliferative activity of sensorimotor cortex (SMC), hippocampus and amygdala (AM) cells of the brain of white rats in normal and after 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries (without hypotension). Material and methods. Using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry were studied neurons, astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia brain normal (n=5) and after 6 h, 1, 3 days (n=15) after acute ischemia. Antibodies to glial fibrillar acid protein (GFAP) and Ki67 (manufacturer: Leica Biosystems Newcastle Ltd, UK) were used. Results. After reperfusion, against the background of neuronal damage (swelling, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes), processes of neuroglia cell proliferation were activated, expression of GFAP (hypertrophy of astrocytes) increased, neuroglial index increased, a large number of satellite astrocytes appeared around large neurons of the SMC. After 3 days in the SMC the content of Ki67-positive cells increased to 18.6% (95% CI: 13.5-24.7%) of all gliocytes, in the hippocampus and AM - respectively - to 7.5% (95% CI: 4.3-12.1%) and 10.7% (95% CI: 6.8-15.9%). Thus, statistically significant differences were revealed between the compared parts of the brain. Conclusion. In the acute period after a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries in the SMC, the hippocampus and the AM increased functional and proliferative activity of astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia, which functioned as a single integrated protective and insulating cellular system with a strong regional specificity.

The aim of the research is to study the dynamics of structural and functional changes in the thyroid and parathyroid glands during reparative osteogenesis. Material and methods. The study was performed on 40 adult males rat of the Wistar line, weighing 180.0±10.0 g. A model of an open fracture of the tibial diaphysis was used in the experimental group. The control group was intact. Structural changes in bone callus, thyroid and parathyroid glands were studied using immunohistochemistry methods, light microscopy, morphometry and statistics. Results. The proliferative and functional activity of the major endocrinocytes of the parathyroid glands is increased in the initial periods of reparative osteogenesis, resulting in an increasing of osteoclastic activity with resorption of bone fragments in the fracture zone. From 21th day of osteogenesis the functional activity of the parathyroid glands is reduced, the activity of the C-cells of the thyroid gland is activated; then the functional activity of C-cells is decreased. Conclusion. The observed changes in the synthetic and proliferative activity of C-cells and parathyrocytes have a certain time interval, which correlates with the histogenesis of bone tissue in the fracture zone.

Purpose - to evaluate efficiency of different methods reducing height of the inguinal canal with apply in inguinal hernia repair in randomized topographic anatomical study. Material and methods. The randomized topographic anatomical study was performed on 24 unfixed cadavers of male subjects who died at the age of 50.2±6.8 years. The criterion for inclusion in the study was a triangular form of the inguinal canal with a height 2-3 cm. Postoperative cicatrices in the inguinal region, signs of the inguinal hernia and lipoma of the spermatic cord were exclusion criteria. We determined the height of the inguinal canal before and after apply different methods for reducing of this parameter. Results. The dynamic of decrease of the height of the inguinal canal in case apply new method was 30% (from 2.3±0.3 to 1.6±0.2 cm). This result is comparable with the relaxing incision by C. B. MacVay (32%; 2.2±0.4 to 1.5±0.5 cm) and it is larger than the relaxing incisions by R. I. Venglovsky (25%; 2.4±0.2 to 1.8±0.4 cm) and M. M. Ginsberg (14%; 2.2±0.4 to 1.9±0.3 cm). In this case, to apply the performed method compared to relaxing incisions does not destruction of the anterior rectus and appearance of the new hernia portal in the abdominal wall. Conclusion. The developed method of reducing height of the inguinal canal is recommended for approbation in clinical practice because it is effective and safe method.

The aim was to study the morphofunctional features of palatine tonsils of children aged 2-14 years with hypertrophy of palatine tonsils of 2^nd and 3^rd degree. Material and methods . The palatine tonsils obtained after tonsilotomy in 34 children aged 2-14 years with hypertrophy of palatine tonsils of 2nd and 3rd degree served as a subject of the study. The material was examined using histological, histochemical and morphometric methods. Results . Lymphoid tissue in the examined tonsils is represented by both lymphoid nodules (follicles) and diffusely located lymphoid tissue. In tonsils, the presence of a marked inflammatory process in most of the children examined, despite the absence of a history of angina. Against the background of moderate edema in the vessels of the microcirculatory bed, the stasis of the formed blood elements, focal destruction of the capillary wall, the release of the formed elements of blood into the surrounding connective tissue were noted. All children showed marked lymphoid infiltration of the epithelium and connective tissue, focal destruction of the epithelial layer in the crypts and on the surface of the tonsils. Destructive changes in epithelial cells were mainly manifested in the form of vacuolization of the cytoplasm of epitheliocytes and karyorexis. Among the leukocytes, lymphocytes predominated, in addition to them, plasmocytes, single macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils were detected. The height of the epithelial layer on the surface and in the crypts increased with increasing age of the children. Thus, in the crypt region, the height of the epithelium in children aged 3 years was 32-37 μm and in children 13 to 14 years, 60 to 70 μm. The proportion of interfollicular connective tissue increased insignificantly with increasing age of children. In children 2-8 years old, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue was accompanied by an increase in the number and size of lymphoid follicles. Later, the size of follicles decreased with increasing age of children. A significant feature of follicles was the significant development of reactive centers centers of reproduction), in which numerous mitoses were recorded, which indicates the activation of the B-system of immunity.

The successes of modern surgery of wounds are impossible without understanding the changes in intercellular and cell-matrix interactions, in this connection the latest data on the role of mast cells in various pathological states deserve special attention. Mast cells play a key role in tissue repair. Their maximum representation is found in the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells are activated immediately after skin damage and are involved in all phases of the wound process. When tissue damage or adverse effects from mast cells are released, a whole arsenal of inflammatory mediators, proteases, growth factors that trigger a cascade of reactions, including the inflammatory process. Serine proteases efficiently remodel elements of the extracellular matrix, which is necessary for the transition to the next stage of wound healing. The multifunctionality of mast cells is manifested by the release of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines, which is an important clinical aspect, since an incorrect treatment tactic contributes to the chronic wound process. Synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts and angiogenesis are the result of complex molecular-cell events with the direct involvement of mast cells. In the late stages of the wound process during re-epithelialization, their mediators can stimulate keratinocytes to restore the epidermal barrier. Studying the effects of mast cells with slow regeneration due to diabetes mellitus, ischemia, tissue denervation, and microcirculation disturbance opens up prospects in the treatment of long-term non-healing wounds with socially significant diseases. Thus, already known data and further fundamental studies of mast cells allow us to consider them as a biomarker of the dynamics and severity of the wound process, and as a target for regulating the wound process at different stages.

The article is dedicated to the outstanding Russian scientist, doctor of medical sciences, professor Semen Gerasimovich Zybelin. The historical stages of the development of scientific and pedagogical activity of S. G. Zybelin, his role in the development of medical education in the Imperial University of Moscow are considered.