The aim of the study was to determine somatotypes of girls and women of the 1st period of mature age, with subsequent identification of the skin area in different constitutional types. Material and methods. By the methods of anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis 125 girls 18-20 years of age and 145 women, aged 22-35 years were investigated. Results. Both adolescent girls and women of the 1st period of mature age have asthenic, stenoplastic somatotypes (leptosomal constitution), picnic, mesoplastic somatotypes (mesosomal constitution), athletic, and sub athletic and euryplastic somatotypes (megalosomal constitution). Absence of significant constitutional changes during the transition from adolescence to 1st period of mature age seems to indicate a modification of the somatotype in ontogenesis. The study of constitutional differences in the area of the skin of the body showed that in girls the surface area of the body is minimal for an asthenic big-boned somatotype. In women of the 1st period of mature age the surface area of the body is minimal for an asthenic thin-boned somatotype. Conclusions. The conducted researches allowed to reveal the quantitative (relative) representation of women with different somatotypes in the population. Constitutional differences one of the most important indicators of physical development - the area of body skin, with essential somatotypological specificity have been identified. The obtained data may be one of the basic foundations in personalized approach to patients, which is one of the areas of modern medicine.

The aim of the study was to assess the condition of the Mongolian gerbils’ jejunal mucous membrane mast cells (MC) after the ground based control modeling of the physiological different duration microgravity effects. Materials and methods. Males of Mongolian gerbils were subjected to antiorthostatic hanging for 12 days according to the Il'in-Novikov technique in the Moray-Holton modification. 8 animals made up the vivarium control group. Fragments of the jejunum were fixed and embedded into paraffin. Sections were stained with toluidine blue (pH = 4.4). The enzymatic activity of chloroacetyl esterase (CAE) was determined. The amount of MC in the jejunal mucosa was counted in the field of vision (obj. ×90), taking into account their histotopography and morphofunctional state. The statistical processing was carried out using Stat Soft Statistica, v6.0; Student's t-test was used to compare two independent samples, with a significance level of p <0.05. Results. Modeling of some physiological effects of microgravity after ground based control experiment of physiological effects of microgravity of different duration led to a decrease in the number of metachromatic MC of the jejunal mucosa, activation of secretion of biosynthetic products, an increase in the absolute and relative content in the mucosal subpopulation of CAE⁺ MC. Conclusions. Antiorthostatic hanging caused a reduction of the mucosal subpopulation MC of Mongolian gerbils’ jejunum, which correlated with the duration of the experiment. Along with this, in the mucous membrane the repopulation of MC was intensified and the processes of production and maturation of secretory products became more active.

The aim of the study was to analyze changes in chest anatomical parameters of 17 patients after pneumonectomy in the early postoperative period. Materials and methods. The analysis of axial computer tomograms of 17 patients operated on for lung cancer, before pneumonectomy and on the 8-12th day after operation was carried out. Mean age of patients was 56±1.9 years. The transverse, antero-posterior dimensions of the thorax and the degree of retraction of the thoracic wall on the side of the operatiion were analyzed, and the angle of III and VII ribs’ lateral segments inclination was estimated on the sagittal slices. The received data were processed using the «Statistica 6». For each quantitative parameter, the mean value (X) and the standard error of the mean (S) were determined. Differences between the indices in the dependent groups were assessed using the sign test and the Wilcoxon watched pair test, in independent groups - the Mann-Whithey test. Statistically significant differences were considered for p <0.05. Results. The dynamics of changes in transverse, antero-posterior dimensions of the operated hemithorax, the grade of retraction of the anterior-lateral wall of the thorax, the angle of inclination of the lateral segments of the ribs are reflected. It is noted that on the 10th day after the operation there are changes in the anatomcal parameters of the thorax. Conclusions. Changes in the thorax after pneumonectomy consist of a decrease in its transverse and antero-posterior dimensions, as well as flattening of the anterior-lateral wall of the chest on the side of the operation and more pronounced on the right.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of bone marrow autotransplantation on its cell-differons. Material and methods. The study was performed on 40 white SJL male mice. In the 1st group there were 20 intact mice. Animals of the 2nd group (n=20) were injected with suspension of bone marrow taken from the femur of the same animal, in the caudal vein. The animals were removed from the experiment at 40 min and 2 h by decapitation. Mast cells were counted in 5 fields of view of the microscope. S. A. Cross, S. W. Even, F. W. Rost luminescent-histochemical method was used for tissue histamine detection. The degree of heparin sulphation and the state of mast cells were studied by A. Unna staining. Myelogram was counted in 500 cells after Pappenheim staining. Ki-67 was detected by MM-1 antibodies (NovoCastra, GB) according to standard protocols. For two group comparisons, Student's t-test was used. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results. There is an increase in the number of mast cells, with an increased content of histamine. An increase in immune processes activity on the background of enhanced luminescence of lymphocytes and increase of cells mitotic activity. The number of young β-metachromatic mast cells is increasing. Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining revealed proliferating cells. Conclusions. Autogenous bone marrow transplantation promotes intensification of immune and proliferative processes in bone marrow structures of mice and also leads to the formation of young mast cells. Reduction of heparin sulfation in mast cells leads to histamine liberation and myelogram changes.

The aim of the study is to identify typical features of human upper jaw alveolar processes. Material and methods. 96 patients aged 21 to 35 years without pathology of the dentoalveolar apparatus were examined. Altitude, long and latitudinal parameters of the upper jaw were measured. Using cone-beam computed tomography of jaws on the dental tomography (Vatechpax i 3d, South Korea) and «EZ 3D» programm, the length, thickness and height of the alveolar process of the upper jaw were measured on the right and left, as well as the angle of alveolar process inclination relative to the axis of each tooth. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney test. Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. The correlation analysis was carried out according to Spearman, the Mann-Whitney test. Results. Three forms of alveolar arches were revealed: narrow and long (index ≤85.2), intermediate (index 85.3-112.2), and wide and short (index ≥112.3). The length, height, thickness and angle of the alveolar process in the area of each tooth and their features were revealed in people with different forms of alveolar arches. The lowest values of the angle of the alveolar process relative to the longitudinal axis were in individuals with a wide and short form of the alveolar arch, the largest - in the surveyed with a narrow and long form. Correlations between the forms of the alveolar arch and the angle of the alveolar processes of the upper jaw were established. Conclusions. Based on the study, the authors determined the typical features of the alveolar processes of the upper jaws of man.

The objective is the study of mesenteric lymph nodes structural organization in mice after prolonged exposure to a mixture of acetaldehyde, acetone and ethanol. Material and methods. The research object is the mesenteric lymph nodes, obtained from 80 adult F1 (CBA×C57BL6) mice, subjected to the inhalation of acetone, acetaldehyde and ethanol mixture with a duration of 8, 22, 36 and 70 days. The recovery period was 14, 28, 64 and 90 days. Histological sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and by Van-Gizon method. Statistical processing included calculation of arithmetic mean values and their errors. The significance of differences was determined by the method of confidence intervals. Results. The number of lymphoid nodules in the lymph node cut by the 70^th day was 2.06 times less than in the control. There was a gradual decrease in the length, width, area of the lymphoid nodules, both with the center, and without a germination center. Similar parameters decrease for the germination centers of lymphoid nodules. From the 22^nd to the 70^th day of the experiment the thickness of mesenteric lymph nodes capsule increases by 1.26 times, and the trabeculae by 1.53 times compared with the control, the thickness of the meat strands decreases. On the 60th day the size of lymphoid plaques, the number and size of lymphoid nodules, the proportion of lymphoid nodules with the center of reproduction, the absolute number of lymphoid cells in the lymphoid tissue of mesenteric lymph nodes corresponds to control. Conclusion. From the 22^nd to the 70^th day of the inhalation gas exposure, there is a depression immunocompetent function of the mesenteric lymph nodes by decreasing the proportion of lymphoid tissue and increasing the connective tissue component. After the end of the impact of damaging factors, the restoration processes of the lymph nodes are manifested only on the 60^th day.

The aim of the study was to obtain new data on the variant anatomy of subhyoid muscles, which makes it possible to improve the quality of planning and conducting surgical interventions. Materials and methods. The variant anatomy of sterno-hyoidum, sterno-thyroid, scapular-hyoid, thyrohyoid, thyroglandular-hyoid, fascio-thyroglandular and thyro-glandular muscles was studied on 470 non-fixed corpses of 17-85 years old. The variants of their number, shapes, sizes, places of origin and attachment, topography were determined. Identification of muscle tissue was performed with a modified Ziller solution. The results were processed using descriptive statistics. Results. It has been established that the width of the subhyoid muscles of the neck always exceeds their thickness, stipulating their planar structure and shape. Gender peculiarities of the studied anatomical formations have been revealed. The revealed regularities of muscular tissue distribution in subhyoid region in the frontal and sagittal planes can be used in study of embryogenesis. Conclusions. The obtained features of muscles topography will allow to optimize the operative access to the organs of the anterior region of the neck, can help to improve the cosmetic result of the operation.

The aim was to study the spleen’s white pulp morphology of posterity of female rats’ who were injected before pregnancy with a carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Material and methods. The spleen of 48 male rats born from intact females (n=24) and from those, who received a carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (n=24) was studied. General histological (hematoxylin and eosin staining) and morphometric methods were used. Immunohistochemical detection of S-100 protein (marker of dendritic cells), CD79α (marker of B-lymphocytes) and CD3 (marker of T-lymphocytes) was performed. Statistical processing was carried out using the licensed package of MS Office 2007 programs. The data obtained were expressed as the arithmetic mean with an average error M±m. The reliability of the results was assessed according to Student's t-test. Results. Decreasing of lymph nodes and germinal centers square in dynamics, significant dilatation of marginal zone of 6- and 12-months rats was established. Сhanges in the cellular composition of the spleen offspring were found: wave-like reciprocal changes of expression level of S100⁺-dendritic cells and CD79⁺ B-lymphocytes in different age periods after birth, decreasing of fraction of CD3⁺ T-lymphocytes at 6 and 12 months. Conclusions. Revealed changes are the evidence of the early hypoplasia of the spleen lymphoid tissue at the posterity of female rats exposed to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.

The aim is to study individual variability of the foot morphometric parameters of girls with different somatic types. Materials and methods. 240 girls aged 18-19 years were examined. Definition of the somatotype was carried out according to B.A. Nikityuk and A.I. Kozlov (1990); examination of the foot - by the planogram. The shape of the foot (egyptian, greek, roman) and the frequency of its occurrence in somatic types was determined. The Streeter index characterizing the height of the foot arches and the Weisflog index, characterizing the spring function of the foot were counted. The frequency of arch types the foot in somatotypes and its various forms was determined. Results. The egyptian foot shape of is most often possessed by girls with mesomorphic hypotrophic and brachymorphic normotrophic somatotypes, roman foot shape - brachymorphic hypertrophic and brachymorphic hypotrophic somatotypes; greek foot shape - dolichomorphic hypotrophic and brahimorphic hypertrophic somatotypes. A high arch is more common in the greek foot shape with brahimorphic hypotrophic somatotype; elevated - in roman foot shape with dolichomorphic normotrophic somatotype; flattened - in egyptian foot shape with dolichomorphic normotrophic somatotype; flat feet - in greek foot shape with brachymorphic hypotrophic somatotype. With all forms and height of the arch, the foot has a good spring function. Conclusions. The frequency of various foot shapes and features of its’ arch structure depending on somatotypes is established.

The objective was a comparative study of regional features of morphometric and functional indices of ciliary and goblet epitheliocytes populations of in trachea and main bronchi of rats during the postnatal development. Materials and methods. Using complex technique of the cilia beat frequency in vivo study in combination with histological and morphometric methods the epithelium of trachea (cranial and caudal parts) and main bronchi from 70 Wistar rats from birth to old age (24 months) was investigated. Results. During the first month of life simultaneous increasing of ciliated cells frequency and cilia length was found in all regions. Growth of height of ciliated cell was significantly higher in trachea than in main bronchi. At the age of 3-12 months most functionally active ciliated cells are located in caudal parts of trachea: their quantity in epithelium and ciliary beat frequency were significantly higher compared with cranial part of trachea and main bronchi. Conclusions. The revealed regional structural features and functions of the ciliated epitheliocytes population reflect the uneven pace of histogenetic processes in the trachea and major bronchi during the period of the definitive structure of the epithelium formation, and in mature tissue - reactive changes in the mucociliary apparatus in response to regional peculiarities of aerodynamics in the airways.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the experimental histopathological changes in the periodontium and the dental pulp, located in the area of the upper jaw fracture. Material and methods. 28 adult guinea pigs were included in experimental-morphological study., Segmental fractures of the upper jaw by Le Fort I were modeled in animals by sawing the upper jaw with intraoral access to the front segment (with damage to the neurovascular infraorbital bundles), right and left lateral segments with interdental cross-sections (without damage of the neurovascular infraorbital bundles). In the control group were intact animals. The results of the study were processed using descriptive statistics. Results. Periodontium and the teeth pulp located in the fracture of the upper jaw undergo inflammatory and dystrophic changes. In the frontal incisors with fractures of the upper jaw with damage of neurovascular infraorbital bundles, these changes finish in a pulp necrosis of all investigated teeth by 28 days. The pulp necrosis occurred in 16 (9.5%) of 168 chewing teeth in fracture of the upper jaw, which indicates a high compensatory-adaptive possibilities of the pulp. Conclusions. Intact teeth in the fracture line of the upper jaw in most cases don’t complicate the healing, and can be saved after removal of the pulp.

The aim of the study was to study the structural changes in the pyramidal layer of rats’ hippocampus under gravitational action. Material and methods. Adult rats were subjected to 28-day gravitational effects in the caudo-cranial vector for 5 minutes twice a day with an interval of 12 hours. Methods of thionin staining by Nissl and immunohistochemical detection of GFAP were used. The degree of immunopositive material expression was estimated by counting its specific area taking into account the distribution in areas of hippocampus. The specific number of damaged neurons, average areas of nuclei, cytoplasm and pericarion neurons, the specific density of neurons in the hippocampus were counted. Statistical processing of data is given in the form of a median (Me) with an interquartile interval [Q₁; Q₃]. Differences between the groups were assessed by the Mann-Whitney (U-test) criterion and considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results. Microscopic examination revealed signs of circulatory disorders: stasis, congestion, swelling, degenerative changes of neurons in the form of wrinkling and hyperchromia of perikaryonic cytoplasm. A significant decrease of the specific density of neurons, a significant increase in the proportion the number of hyperchromic neurons, significant increase in GFAP expression in the pyramidal layer gliocytes CA₂ and CA₄ areas of the hippocampus. Conclusions. Gravitational action by the force of 9G leads to the activation of gliosis in the CA₂ and CA₄ areas of rats’ hippocampus in combination with the development of degenerative changes.

The aim was to study the interaction of erythrocytes with Staphylococcus epidermidis cells treated with exometabolites bacteria. Material and methods. Strains of S. epidermidis 7 and 13, differing in the level of antihemoglobin activity were used. Strains of S. aureus, S. saprophyticus and E. Coli isolated from patients with purulent-inflammatory diseases, were used as associates. Visualization was carried out by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were processed using descriptive statistics. Results. The increase in adhesion activity in red blood cells and more frequent penetration intraerythrocytes S. epidermidis cells after treatment exometabolites pathogenic strain of S.aureus were observed. After exposure exometabolites opportunistic strains (S.saprophyticus, E.coli) cells found in the staphylococci lowering their adhesive activity in red blood cells.

The objective of the study was the elaboration of diagnostic criteria of femoral dyaphysis fracture’s mechanisms in cases of falling from height for the landing option determination by morphological features of destruction. Materials and methods. 404 cases of forensic research containing information on femoral fractures and 57 cases withdraw during practical forensic medical examinations have been studied. Dry macro preparations were prepared from the damaged femurs, according to the conventional method, which were examined by osteoscopy and stereomicroscopy. We studied the localization of the main destruction, the morphology of fracture surface and its edge regions from the beginning to the end of the fracture. Results. Process of formation the long bone fracture depends on contact zone of interaction of blunt matter (landing surface) and follow-up object - segment of traumatized area with long tubular bone. Conclusion. Expert review criterions of variant of landing the human body are proposed based on literature’s data and on results of own research. It’s basis on localization and properties of morphological.

The purpose of the study was to study the morphometric characteristics and topography of human thymus and spleen in the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis. Materials and methods. Study of the projection anatomy of the thymus and spleen using the method of describing the quantitative topography of organs was performed on 100 human fetuses of both sexes at the 16-22nd weeks of gestation. NI Pirogov cutting methods in 3 perpendicular planes, macro- and microscopic preparation and histotopographic sections were used. Results. The increase in the length of the thymus and spleen correlates with changes in the parietal-coccyx fetal size and distances from the spinal column, which determines the characteristic of morphofunctional relationships between the organs of the lymphoid system. Conclusions. Dynamic changes in the morphometric parameters of the thymus and spleen are observed during the 16-22^th weeks of ontogeny which is explained by the formation of their topography and anatomy.

He aim of the study was to analyze the characteristics of peripheral blood monocytes’ lysosomal apparatus in newborn posterity of rats with experimental chronic liver damage of various genesis. Material and methods. The study was conducted on white laboratory Wistar female rats with experimental models of chronic toxic liver damage, autoimmune hepatitis and mesenchymal liver damage. There were 7 newborn rats from different broods in each experimental group. After incubation of a phagocytes monolayer in a medium with acridine orange the lysosomal activity of macrophages with the calculation of the index of lysosomal activity and the average cytochemical index was studied. Statistical processing was carried out with «Statistica v.6.0» (Statsoft, Inc.) program. Reliability was determined using the Mann-Whitney test. Results. In experimental animals, a decrease in the number of monocytes was also observed, as well as their lysosomal activity. Conclusions. Experimental chronic liver damage of various genesis in female rats leads to inhibition of the monocytes’ lysosomal apparatus of their posterity.

The Crohn’s disease is a multisystem chronic idiopathic disease from inflammatory bowel disease group, which is characterized by the development of immune granulomatous inflammation with the formation of non-necrotizing epithelioid cell sarcoid granulomas as in the wall of the intestine, and extra-intestinal. Granulomas are found, on average, in half of patients with Crohn’s disease, and is twice more often at children, and also in operational material, in comparison with biopsy. Communication of development of granulomas with the autophagy-related genes is revealed and possibility of existence of two phenotypes or genotypes of a disease, depending on existence of a granulematous inflammation though it is impossible to exclude that in some cases granulomas remained not found. Further researches will allow to specify the frequency of development and pathogenesis of granulomas, and also their clinical and predictive value.

In present article, dedicated to the features of structure and function of the skin as an organ, the patterns of development, anatomical and physiological features of skin are revealed. Morphological features of the course of the wound process during thermal trauma are described. The data of the domestic and foreign literature on the methods, examining the wound process are analyzed. Further investigation of the morphofunctional organization of the skin as an organ in the case of thermal trauma in children will allow to expand the idea of the wound process in this category of patients, help to develop the necessary algorithms of medical care.

The article discusses one of the least researched problems of experimental and clinical medicine - endothelial dysfunction. Morphological markers of endothelial dysfunction, revealed to date, indicate different functional states of the endothelium, which leads to the need for further study of the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling.