The article, devoted to the 100th anniversary of D.A. Zhdanov'sadmission to the medical faculty of the Voronezh State University, is dedicated to the creativity and scientific research of this outstanding anatomist, the founder of Russian lymphology. Five main periods of the scientist's life are considered - Voronezh, Gorky, Tomsk, Leningrad and Moscow - presented in the context of historical events and legislative changes in the field of education and science that took place in the 20th century in the RSFSR. The article uses previously unpublished archival materials that help to better understand the personality traits of D.A. Zhdanov.

As reported in the scientific literature, data on the correlations between the shape and size of the auricle and other anatomical structures of the human body are very limited. There are no data on the relationship between the auricle and the shape of the head. The aim of the study was to determine the sizes of the auricle sectors and their correlations with the shape of the head. Material and methods. The study involved young men (n=401) aged 18-21 years. The shape of the head was determined by cephalometry. The right auricle was studied on digital images. The authors determined the area of individual sectors and their percentage ratio and analysed a linear correlation. The dynamics of the relationship between sectors in each group and between groups was studied in accordance with the shape of the head. Results. The sizes of the auricle sectors and their percentage ratio were detected. Correlation links between the sectors, the dynamics of the relationships between the sectors within one group and between the groups by head shape were revealed. Mobile and permanent sectors and dependence of their relative sizes on the head shape were identified. The relationship between the sizes of the sectors and the head shape was demonstrated. Conclusion. The areas of the auricle sectors increase from S1 to S4 regardless of the head shape. In the dolichocephalic group, all sizes have the largest absolute values, in mesocephalics - average, in brachycephalics - the smallest. The ratio of the S1 sector area to the area of other sectors are maximum in the dolichocephalic group. The ratios of the S2/S4 and S3/S4 sectors areas do not depend on the head shape and absolute values of the parameters, and are the same in all groups.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of 3-β-methoxy-Δ18-oleanene (miliacin) on the structural and functional reorganization of hair follicles at the early response stage in the simulated cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia. Material and methods. The study involved 30 male C57BL/6 mice with the anagen stage induced by depilation of hair shafts from the skin of the back. The animals were divided into five groups: I and II – control groups, III, IV and V groups – experimental ones. The animals of group I were exposed to depilation only. The animals of group IV was daily exposed to topical skin applications of 3-β-methoxy-Δ18- oleanene (miliacin) diluted in polyoxyethylated (20) sorbitan oleate in the area of depilation. The animals of group V were only exposed to polyoxyethylated (20) sorbitan oleate. In 9 days after depilation, the animals of the experimental groups received a single injection of cyclophosphamide solution, dosage 125 mg/kg, intraperitoneally; the animals of the control group II received the same volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. All animals were withdrawn from the experiment on day 15. The skin of the back in the depilation zone was studied using light microscopy, morphometry and statistics. Results. In 15 days after anagen induction, all hair follicles were synchronized at the anagen VI stage in the skin of mice in the control groups. Exclusively dystrophic forms of hair follicles were detected in the skin of mice of groups III and V. In the skin of animals of group IV, hair follicles predominated in the early and middle anagen stages without signs of dystrophy; the portion of hair follicles in the late dystrophic catagen stage accounted for only 9.2±3.27% of the total number of hair follicles. Conclusion. Topical use of a composition with 3-β-methoxy-Δ18-oleanene (miliacin) leads to an accelerated transition of chemically damaged hair follicles from the anagen VI stage to the dystrophic catagen and a shortening of the telogen stage, which resulted in the entry of the overwhelming majority of hair follicles of mice in this group into the next new cycle of hair follicle development (anagen stages I, II, III).

Despite the fact that the morphogenetic mechanisms of human finger transformation during ontogenesis are currently known, the issues of how they are organized into a complex integrated structure of the distal hand remains open. This question remains unanswered for several reasons, including the lack of consensus on conceptual definitions and approaches, as well as tools for assessing and comparing variations in several anatomical parts of the hand. The aim of the study was to investigate the structural organization of the human finger phalanges using anatomical network analysis (AnNA). Material and methods. In this study, the authors applied the IGRAPH package functions in the R data analysis programming environment for AnNA. Network modeling and layout were performed using the Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm. Analysis of the structure, as well as modularity and integration in the networks, was performed using the spin-glass algorithm. X-ray osteometric indices of the I–V fingers phalanx length were used to assess AnNA in 100 men and 100 women of the middle age without traumatic changes, deformations, and developmental deviations. Results. AnNA demonstrates a two-level organization of the distal hand in the form of a proximal module including the proximal phalanges and a distal module combining the middle and distal phalanges. When comparing the features of the network models of the distal hand, it was found that in women, the organization of the finger phalanges is characterised by higher morphological integration and modularity (modularity 0.43) than in men (modularity 0.38). orphological modularity and integration are organizing factors in the structure of the finger phalanges of the human distal hand. Conclusion. The study results demonstrate that the structural organization of the finger phalanges of the human hand is a system of individual anatomical modules of the phalanges.

The aim of the study is using experimental histological techniques to validate the beneficial potential of specific medical devices made of nanostructured titanium, and compare their effect with factorymade products currently applied in maxillofacial surgery. Material and methods. The study involved 50 sexually mature male Chinchilla rabbits. An open fracture of the lower jaw was simulated in the animals. In the 1st series of the experiment, the fragments were fixed using nanostructured miniplates and miniscrews made of Grade 4 titanium. In the 2nd series, they were fixed with standard miniplates and miniscrews from Konmet LLC. The material for the study was taken on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 40th days after the operation. In all series the object of the study was the extirpated lower jaw in the fracture area. The prepared histological sections were stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin. The immunohistochemistry technique was used to identify cells with signs of proliferation (synthesizing the Ki67 protein), to assess the expression of the synthesis of proteins p53, caspasa 3 and the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2. The surfaces of titanium structures were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results were processed statistically. Results. The study investigated the effect of miniplates and miniscrews made of nanostructured and standard titanium on rabbits. The data obtained revealed the nature of the proliferative and apoptotic potentials of osteoblasts in the regenerate, and also indicated an increase in the ratio of the number of cambial cells and cells with an apoptotic dominant in the zone contacting with the nanostructured surface of the titanium screw compared to the titanium screw manufactured by Konmet LLC. Taken together, the obtained data indicate that the use of nanostructured titanium Grade 4 for the production of miniplates and miniscrews has an optimizing effect on reparative osteogenesis. The mechanism of this effect is determined by the presence of osseointegration properties of titanium. Conclusion. Nanostructured titanium is advisable to use for the production of implants, reconstructive titanium plates and other products for bone grafting.

Osteoporosis is a progressive systemic disease characterized by a decrease in bone density. This leads to increased bone fragility and a higher likelihood of fractures. New approaches to cellular therapy have been developed for the effective treatment of this pathology, based on the use of modified osteophilic polymers with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for local action on damaged bone areas. The aim of the study was to morphologically assess the effectiveness of modified osteophilic polymer MSCs on reparative osteogenesis processes during the post-traumatic period in animals with a fracture of the ulna and underlying osteoporosis. Material and methods. The experiment involved Wistar rats (females, n=40; 200–300 g, 3 months old). Osteoporosis was simulated by bilateral ovariectomy, and the fracture was simulated through diaphysis osteotomy of the ulna. All rats were randomly distributed into four groups: Group I (control, n=10; buffered solution); Group II (n=10; osteophilic polymer, 1 mg/ml); Group III (n=10; MSC suspension, 1×106); Group IV (n=10; modified osteophilic polymer MSCs, 1×106). The experiment results were evaluated in 1 and 6 months after the fracture. Results. MSCs were applied after exposure to the osteophilic polymer to restore the pool of osteoblast precursors in the fracture area of the ulna in experimental osteoporosis. In all animals, regeneration foci with varying degrees of structural and functional maturation of cellular and intercellular substrates were formed in the fracture area. The most pronounced processes of bone tissue restoration were observed with the use of modified osteophilic polymer MSCs. This is likely associated with the high concentration of modified osteophilic polymer MSCs and their retention in zones of damaged bone regeneration, subsequently stimulating osteogenesis. The paradigm of provisionality, as a universal model manifestating histogenesis and organogenesis, was utilized to gain a more comprehensive biological understanding and interpretation of the observed changes. Conclusion. MSCs applied after exposure to an osteophilic polymer significantly enhance the process of reparative osteogenesis in fractures of long bones in patients with estrogen-induced osteoporosis, thus making this technology promising for combined therapy.

The aim was to study the variants of the formation and architectonics of the internal iliac vein (IIV) using postvital and vital methods of research. Material and methods. Typical and atypical variants of the trunk formation, architectonics and skeletotopy of the IIV were studied on the postvital material (n=70) and with the help of three-dimensional modeling of the IIV according to the computer tomographic angiography data (n=400). Results. According to the three-dimensional modeling data, in 90,25% of observations the fusion of the IIV and the external iliac vein (EIV) was typical, when the trunk of the common iliac vein (CIV) was formed. In 9,75% - atypical, when the IIV did not participate in the formation of the trunk of the CIV, but flowed into the opposite CIV, into the confluence of the inferior vena cava, separate trunks of the IIV flowed into the EIV. Based on the evaluation of the whole material under study, the IIV architectonics was typical in 48,3% and atypical in 51,7%. In a typical variant of the IIV architectonics, the main trunk is supplied by the iliolumbar vein (ILV), the posterior trunk is supplied by the superior lateral sacral vein (LSV), superior gluteal vein (SGV), and in the anterior trunk - the obturator vein (OV), lower LSV, internal pudendal vein (IPV) and inferior gluteal vein (IGV). Atypical variants of the IIV architectonics can be divided into 5 groups depending on the peculiarities of the influx of its main tributaries: 1 - atypical influx of the IGV (2,9%), 2 - SGV (2,1%), 3 - OV (16,8%), 4 - ILV (9,9%), 5 - LSV (20%). In 2% of cases anastomoses between IIV and EIV were revealed, in 30,6% - between anterior and posterior trunks of IIV. In the majority of cases, the fusion of the IIV and EIV was located at the level of the first sacral vertebral body, while the fusion of the anterior and posterior trunks of the IIV was at the level of the S1-S2 intervertebral disc. Conclusion. The obtained data should be used when planning and performing surgical interventions on pelvic organs, especially in evisceration.

Thermal trauma among pediatric patients has remained the leading cause of hospitalization in pediatric surgery departments in recent decades. Anthropometric parameters are often used by doctors when performing a comprehensive assessment of the child's physical development, and can also be used as essential factors in predicting the course of the disease. The aim of the study was to assess the dynamics of burn wound healing and its relationship with anthropometric parameters in individuals of the first period of childhood. Material and methods. The study involved investigation of the wound healing process in 125 male children, aged 4–6, having different levels of physical development. The patients' height, body weight (with calculation of the body mass index), head, chest and waist circumferences were measured on the day of admission using a standard set of anthropometric instruments, the WHtR index (waist to height ratio), and the head to chest ratio was calculated. Based on the BMI parameters, patients were divided into two groups: with normal weight and overweight. The wound area was measured on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days using the stereometric technique, applying a polyethylene antiseptic-processed film to the wound surface; this followed by outlining the edges of the wound defect. The results were processed using nonparametric statistics. Results It was found that in overweight patients, all the studied parameters, except for the ratio of head circumference to chest circumference, were higher than in children with the normal body weight. Correlations were detected between a number of anthropometric parameters in patients of both groups. On the 7th day, 73.9% of children with the normal body weight demonstrated epithelialization of the wound defect over the entire surface area of the wound, while in overweight children this was observed only in 34% of cases. Conclusion. As demonstrated, we obtained anthropometric measurements in boys of the first period of childhood having normal and overweight body weight. In children with the normal body weight, the process of wound epithelialization was completed mainly on the 7^th day, while in patients with excess body weight, the wound defect closed by the 9th day. Excess body weight in children has a statistically significant relationship with an increased healing time of burn wounds.

The aim of the study is to determine the impact of the shape of the skull base on the morphometric parameters of the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae in children aged 8–12 under normal conditions and under recurrent subluxation of C1–C2. Materials and methods. The authors analysed computed tomography (CT) scans of 212 children aged 8–12 without pathology of the cervical spine and 65 patients of the same age group with recurrent subluxations of the C1-C2 vertebrae. Computed tomography was performed on a computer tomography GE OPTIMA CT 660, 64-slice machine (Russia). CT morphometry was carried out using the Radiant program (Russia). The width and length of the skull base, parameters of the first (C1) and second (C2) cervical vertebrae, and interosseous parameters were determined, the basilar index was calculated; three groups of individuals with dolicho-, meso-, or brachybasilar shape of the skull base were formed based on the value of the basilar index. One-way analysis of variance was carried out. Results The impact of the shape of the skull base of moderate strength on the transverse dimensions of the upper articular surfaces of C1 on the right and left in children without pathology of the cervical spine was revealed. Among the examined individuals with recurrent subluxation in the C1–C2 system, there was a strong connection between the shape of the skull base and the longitudinal dimensions of the upper articular surfaces of the atlas. A moderately close relationship was revealed between the shape of the skull base and the height of the body of the second cervical vertebra and with the angle of inclination of the C2 tooth in the sagittal plane in those examined without pathology of the cervical spine. In children with recurrent subluxation, a strong relationship of the controlled factor was determined with the height of the C2 body and the angle of inclination of its tooth in the sagittal plane, and a mediumstrong relationship with the sagittal diameter of the tooth. The influence of the shape of the skull base of moderate strength on the size of the anterior atlantoaxial joint space was revealed both in children without pathology of the cervical spine and in children with recurrent subluxation. In case of right-sided subluxation, a mediumstrong relationship between the shape of the skull base and the lateral distance between the base of the tooth and the medial surface of the lateral mass of C1 on the side contralateral to the subluxation was revealed. Conclusion. The shape of the skull base affects a number of anatomical structures of the first two cervical vertebrae in children aged 8–12.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the prognostic and predictive capabilities of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer (BC); to study the prognostic value of T-cell (CD8+, CD3+) lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor and the level of T-regulatory (CD4+) lymphocytes; to study the prognostic and predictive value of the expression of proteins Forkhead Box Protein 3, check-point PD-1, PDL1. Materials and methods. The content of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their quantitative ratio and correlation with regulatory genes were assessed. Archival material was used in the work. The study included archival data from the cancer registry of 1240 patients treated at the N.N. Petrov Cancer Research Institute from 2000 to 2009. Histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin were scanned. Ten-year relapse-free and overall survival were assessed. Results. About 80% of patients with BC have low levels of tumor infiltration by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD3+ lymphocytes. Expression of the PD-L1 gene was detected more often (29.5%) in triple-negative breast cancer, 1.5 times less often (18.2%) in HER2+ BC and extremely rarely (1.5%) in luminal A subtype. Severe (more than 10%) lymphocytic infiltration of CD8+ and CD3+ with low expression of PD-L1 and FOXP3 improves relapse-free and overall survival of patients with BC. Conclusion. The inclusion of lymphocytic infiltration of the tumor as a prognostic biomarker represents an important step in understanding the biology of BC.

The paper describes the issues to optimize reparative histogenesis of the tympanic membrane tissues (history, state-of-the art and perspectives) based on data from national and foreign scientific literature. One of the causes of hearing loss is the violated integrity of the tympanic membrane, resulting from its injury or the developing inflammatory processes in the middle ear. It has been established that small perforations of the tympanic membrane can spontaneously close in the reparative stage of acute purulent otitis media or when the exacerbation of chronic purulent otitis media subsides. Restoration of large perforations of the tympanic cavity requires surgical intervention. Since 17th century, plastic surgery options for the tympanic membrane perforations with various biological and non-biological materials have been developing. However, until the beginning of the XX century, the approaches used did not lead to complete histio- and organotypic restoration of the tympanic membrane, but only ensured closure of the defect. At the present stage, otosurgeons use various plastic materials to restore the integrity of the eardrum: autografts; allografts; implants made of non-biological material. Nylon mesh, cotton-adhesive discs, and knotless knitted fabric made of polyamide fiber are applied as implants. Biological transplants applied include the skin of the inner surface of the shoulder and the occipital-temporal region, the wall of the vein, the fascia of the temporal muscle, the dura mater, the perichondrium, nanostructured bioplastic material created on the basis of hyaluronic acid hydrocolloid and a peptide complex, etc. The use of these modern options in most cases leads to organotypic and, in some cases, histiotypic restoration of the eardrum structure, ensuring complete epithelialization of its outer and inner surfaces. However, there are a number of unresolved issues regarding the diverse materials application for plastic surgery, as well as the timing of reconstructive surgeries on the middle ear.

Abstract. COVID-19-associated damage to the placenta and fetal organs is possible among infected pregnant women. This phenomenon is associated with the presence of the virus in the placental tissue itself and transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and occurs in case of severe course of the disease in the mother. However, reliable and clinically significant morphological changes in COVID-19-associated placental damage are still a subject of controversy and speculation. The aim of this article is to present a clinical case analysis and evaluation of the morphological features and results of multiplex analysis of COVID-19- associated fetal and placental tissue damage. Materials and methods. Placental and fetal tissue samples were examined using routine histological methods and immunohistochemical studies of the expression of antibodies to CD15 (MMA), CD3 (MRQ-39), CD68 (KP-1), CD138 (DB-A38). The spectroscopic study was performed using the InSpectr M spectrometer with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm. Results The study revealed an inflammatory infiltrate in the fetal membranes, in the umbilical vein wall, in the stroma of the villi, basal plate and intervillous space, forming thrombi of the vessels of the villi, chorionic plate, intervillous space, trophoblast necrosis, abundant deposition of perivillous fibrin. Spectroscopically, signs of changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the amino acids proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, as well as the appearance of non-standard amino acids (hydroxyproline) and protein isoforms, signs of instability of the acid-base balance were revealed. Conclusion. Among the identified changes, both those characteristic of COVID-19-associated placental damage and non-specific ones associated with the body's inflammatory/cytokine response to COVID-19 and persistent placental infection are determined. The results of the multiplex analysis identified a promising direction in understanding the biological basis and essence of this pathology.

The article is devoted to a major Soviet and Russian anatomist, Professor Petr Fedorovich Stepanov. He organized and headed the Department of Human Anatomy in Chita, then Smolensk, was a leading anatomist in the field of anatomy of the nervous system, a wonderful teacher, a kind, responsive and principled person with an active lifestyle.

In August 2024, Professor A.K. Usovich, the famous Belarusian morphologist, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Human Anatomy, Vitebsk State Medical University, turned to be 70 years old. Alexander Konstantinovich was born on August 27, 1954 in the village Ushachi, Vitebsk region. In 1977, he graduated from the Vitebsk State Medical Institute, where he worked his way up from a senior laboratory assistant to the head of the Department of Human Anatomy, which he led for 21 years. A.K. Usovich is a member of the Coordinating Council of the International Association of Morphologists, a member of the Board of the Belarusian Association of Morphologists. Professor A.K. Usovich focused on the improvement of anatomical techniques, structural organization and interstitial relationships in the prostate at the stage of ontogenesis, variant anatomy of the lymphoid, vascular, nervous systems, morphohistochemical changes in the structures of the visual, vestibular and auditory sensory systems in case of blood flow disorders, improving the educational process at the departments of the morphological profile. He trained 5 candidates and 7 masters. For his services to higher education, Professor A.K. Usovich was awarded the "Excellent Healthcare Worker" badge, honorary certificates, diplomas of the Ministries and Departments of the USSR, BSSR, the Republic of Belarus, regional legislative and executive authorities, universities of the CIS countries.