The aim of the study is to identify possible cytoarchitectonic features of the structure of the cortex in the superior parietal region of an outstanding and talented scientist-physiologist.
Material and methods. The cortex (area 7) of the superior parietal region of a scientist-physiologist and men of the senile age in the control group (8 hemispheres) was studied on the series of frontal brain slices, 20 μ thick, stained with cresyl purple according to Nissl method. The cortex area thickness, the thickness of the cytoarchitectonics layer III, the area of profile field of pyramidal neurons in layers III and V, the density of neurons surrounded by satellite glia and satellite glia density in layers III and V were measured in the cortex (area 7) of the superior parietal region in the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
Results. We have identified several features of the cytoarchitectonics structure of the cortex (area 7) in the brain of the scientist-physiologist that may correlate with his outstanding scientific abilities. The cortex of a scientist-physiologist is characterized by a large thickness of the studied cortex and its cytoarchitectonic layers III and V, and a greater value of the area of the profile field of neurons if compared with the cortex in men of the senile age from the control group. A higher value of the neuron density and satellite glia in the cortex of the superior parietal region of the scientist-physiologist was revealed. There was also a lower severity of age-related changes in the cortex of the scientist-physiologist compared with the control group of men.
Conclusion. The structure of the cortex (area 7) of the superior parietal region of the scientistphysiologist is characterized by a greater parameter of the cortical thickness and the thickness of the associative layer III, the size of neurons and the density of satellite glia if compared with those in men of the senile age of the control group. These features distinguish the structure of his cortex from the similar cortex of the control group of men and may be related to the features of the cognitive activity of the outstanding scientist-physiologist.

The aim of research was to study structural changes and give a morphometric characteristic of the edemaswelling manifestations of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation in sexually mature white rats after common carotid artery occlusion (OCCA) of different duration and ligation (LCCA) of the common carotid arteries.
Material and methods. Acute ischemia was simulated in white adult Wistar rats by 20-, 30-, and 40-min occlusion and ligation of the common carotid arteries. Histological (staining with hematoxylin-eosin, according to Nissl), immunohistochemical (NSE, MAP-2, GFAP) and morphometric research techniques were used for morphological investigations. Morphometric analysis of the edema-swelling manifestations was carried out on samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin using plugins of the ImageJ 1.53 program (Find Maxima, Find Foci). Statistical hypotheses (nonparametric tests) were tested using Statistica 8.0 software.
Results. After reperfusion, pronounced involution of large zones of edema-swelling occurred in the DG of the hippocampal formation in white rats of the groups I, II, III after 7–14 days, and in rats of the group IV (ligation) the edema-swelling manifestations persisted for 30 days. Similar dynamics was recorded for the molecular and polymorphic layer of the DG, but the values of the integral variable chosen to assess the edema-swelling manifestations (the total intensity of the peak pixels) were different. The largest relative area of the brightest peaks was detected after bilateral ОССА (groups II and III) and LCCA (group IV), the smallest – after unilateral ОССА (group I). It is significant that after mild ischemia (20- and 30-min ОССА), the parameter increased only in 1 and 3 days, and then decreased. After more severe ischemia (40-min ОССА), similar manifestations of overhydration were observed in 1–7 days. With LССА, a high level of DG overhydration was noted throughout the observation period, as evidenced by the high relative area of all the brightest peaks. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing all groups for all periods, between groups in 14 and 30 days, between periods in groups I, II, and III (ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test; Mann–Whitney U-test).
Conclusion. After ОССА and LССА the restoration of the structures of the sensory input of the hippocampus (DG) occurs together with long-term preservation of signs of hyperhydration of the neuropil, perineuronal and perivascular spaces (legs of astrocytes). The extreme degree of these manifestations after LССА evidences a disruption of the drainage-detoxification function of astrocytes. In ОССА, long-term preservation of the edema-swelling manifestations is recommended to be considered as a condition for the implementation of the mechanisms of sanogenesis and restoration of the DG nervous tissue.

Liver resection in most cases remains the only way to achieve an increase in life expectancy and cure of patients with large liver formations. In clinical practice, hepatoprotectors are used to improve metabolic processes of the liver, many of them include vitamin B₁₂, the active form of which is able to stimulate reparative regeneration.
The aim of the study was to identify morphological features of hepatocytes and the stroma of the resected liver during intra-organ intraoperative administration of cyanocobalamin to study the effect of vitamin B₁₂ on the proliferative activity of hepatocytes.
Material and methods. The experiment was conducted on 36 male Wistar rats. In 3 experimental groups of animals, a typical resection was performed in the volume of 70% of the initial liver mass, in the 1st experimental group, prevention of post-resection liver failure was not carried out, in the 2nd experimental group, 0.9% sodium chloride solution was injected into the preserved liver lobes after resection, in the 3rd-vitamin B₁₂. In the animals of the 1st control group liver resection was not performed. The animals were removed from the experiment in 1, 7 and 14 days after the operation and liver material was selected for morphological examination.
Results. A significant increase in the number of binuclear hepatocytes was noted in the animals of the 3^rd experimental group in 14 days. When studying liver sections stained with silver impregnation after 14 days of the study, the number of reticular fibers in the animals of the 3rd experimental group was 90% higher than similar parameters in animals of the 1st control group, in the animals of the 1^st and 2^nd experimental groups it was less than 80%. In the immunohistochemical study, an increase in the proliferative activity of mononuclear and binuclear hepatocytes was observed in all experimental groups by the 14^th day of the experiment compared with the 1^st day. On the 14th day after the operation, the highest proliferation index was observed in the animals of the 3^rd experimental group.
Conclusion. The proposed method of intra-organ intraoperative administration of cyanocobalamin increases the proliferative activity of hepatocytes, increases the number of cells entering the mitotic cycle, and restores the structural organization of the liver, its anatomical and functional integrity.

The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative assessment of radiation-induced patterns in cerebral neurons after a single and prolonged exposure to radiation.
Material and methods. The experiment was carried out in compliance with the rules of bioethics, on 240 white outbred male rats at the age of 4 months, exposed to a single or prolonged exposure to γ-quanta of 60Со in total doses of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 and 1.0 Gy. Neuromorphological and histochemical methods were used to assess morphometric and tinctorial parameters of nerve cells, the content of protein and nucleic acids, as well as the activity of some dehydrogenases in the early (1st day) and long-term periods (up to 18 months) of the postradiation period. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using Statistica 6.1 software packages, parametric methods were used (Student's t-test, regression and variance analysis), the significance level was 95%.
Results. Despite a number of features of neuromorphological indicators dynamics, these irradiation regimes do not cause functionally significant changes in neurons. Among the influencing factors (radiation dose and time elapsed after irradiation), the radiation dose has a greater effect on the structural and functional state of neurons, but the elapsed time levels the resulting changes and most neuromorphological parameters do not have significant differences with the control. The revealed changes, as a rule, have a borderline character, and the level of their significance fluctuates around the indicators of age control within insignificant limits. One can find out a certain instability of the structural and functional organization and tension of the functioning of neurons under the irradiation regimes under consideration. At the same time, in the early periods of observation, more pronounced fluctuations in neuromorphological parameters occur with prolonged radiation exposure, and in later periods – with a single one. In general, no significant differences in the response of neurons to single and prolonged irradiation at the same total dose were found.
Conclusion. No significant radiation-induced changes in the state of neurons have been established for all dose-time parameters and modes of exposure. The irradiation dose has a greater effect on neurons, but the time elapsed after irradiation regimens the resulting changes and the majority of neuromorphological parameters have no significant differences from the control. The considered modes of irradiation do not have significant differences among themselves by the response of neurons.

The aim was to study the quantitative indicators and structure of the distribution of the glands in human main bronchi in the age aspect.
Material and methods. The object of the study was the glands in the walls of the main bronchi, obtained as a single complex together with the lower part of the trachea, including the area of bifurcation. Samples were taken from 110 corpses of people in the age range from the neonatal period to 87 years (10 observations in each age group), who died from causes not related to the pathology of the respiratory system and did not have pathological changes in the respiratory system at autopsy. For micro-macroscopy using an MBS-9 binocular microscope, the glands in the walls of the main bronchi were selectively stained with methylene blue according to R.D. Sinelnikov, followed by fixation in a saturated solution of ammonium picric acid. The following characteristics were analyzed: the shape of the glands, their total number on the total preparation, the density of their location (the number of the mouths of the excretory ducts per 1 cm2), the width of their initial section. Due to the normal distribution of the data, the methods of parametric statistics based on the Statistica 6.0 program were used for statistical data processing. Statistical data processing included the calculation of the arithmetic mean indicators, their errors, the analysis of the amplitude of the variation series of each indicator was carried out.
Results. The performed macro-microscopic examination revealed an asymmetry in the distribution of glands – the number and density of distribution of glands was 1.50–2.10 times higher (p <0.05) for the left bronchus than for the right and 1.56–2.91 (p <0.05) times more in the cartilaginous than in the membranous part. At the same time, the width of the orifice of the gland showed opposite patterns. In terms of age, there was an increase in the number of glands and their size with a maximum by the age of 21–35 and a subsequent decrease by senil age. The distribution density decreased throughout the entire period of life.
Conclusion. The revealed age, regional and individual features of the structure of the glandular apparatus of the main human bronchi may be of interest both in scientific research and in clinical practice, forming a basic description of the structural norm.

The article considers the microtopography of the eyeball during the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis.
Objective – to identify the features of qualitative and quantitative topography characteristics development of the eyeball with the orbit and its contents in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis
Material and methods. The study was conducted on 50 fetuses of both genders (25 male, 25 female) aged from the 14th to the 27th week of gestation, which make up the collection of Human Anatomy Department of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education Orenburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. All the material was divided into three age groups: group I (14–18 weeks) contained 18 fetuses, group II (19–23 weeks) contained 19 fetuses, group III (24–27 weeks) contained 13 fetuses. The work was performed by methods of macromicroscopic preparation, by modified N. I. Pirogov's oversplitting method, and by histotopographic method.
Results. At an earlier stage, the eyeball occupies a central position in the orbit. By the end of the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis, the eyeball shifts closer to the medial wall of the orbit. In the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis, the entrance to the orbit has the shape of an ellipse with a height and width equal to 15.01±3.98 mm and 13.91±3.25 mm, respectively. The thickness of the medial, lateral, upper and lower walls of the orbit in the intermediate fetal period is 0.46±0.12 mm, 1.98±0.41 mm, 0.45±0.12 mm and 2.11±0.62 mm, respectively. The predominance of length and thickness of the medial rectus muscle of eye over the lateral rectus muscle of eye was noted in all observation groups.
Conclusions. The eyeball topography in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis is similar to the topography in the childhood and adult periods, but it has its own fetal features: the shape of the eyeball, the position in the orbit, the relation to the auxiliary apparatus. The most complex topographic and anatomical relationships are noted at the posterior pole of the eyeball in the area of the visual canal.

The aim of the study is to develop an approach to assess the severity of the gastric mucosa (GM) atrophy based on the immunohistochemical (IHC) technique to improve diagnostic quality of the stage of chronic gastritis (CG) and to implement predictive assessment of risk factors of gastric cancer development.
Material and methods. The study included 155 cases of CG selected in accordance with Operational Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA)-system (2 samples of antral gastric mucosa (GM), 1 sample of angular GM and 2 samples of corpus GM). All biopsy samples were examined using histological and IHC (CDX2) techniques. An expression semi-quantitative index was developed to characterize CDX₂. The results obtained were statistically processed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, the Spearman correlation coefficient, and the construction of logistic regression models.
Results. It was found that the value of the CDX₂ index assessed within the GM biopsy samples positively correlates with the gradation of atrophy (r=0.665 (p<0.001)). A positive correlation remains between the CDX_2sum index, calculated by summing the CDX₂ index values at each of the GM points, and the stage of chronic gastritis according to the OLGA classification (r=0.70 (p<0.01)). When assessing the contribution of changes at each point of biopsy sampling and retrospective correlation of the CDX₂ index at two points of the GM and the stage of chronic gastritis, the greatest correlation was found for points 3 (stomach angle) and 5 (greater curvature of the gastric body), at three points – for points 1 (greater curvature antrum), 3 and 5 (r=0.592 (p<0.01)). Logistic regression models were built to predict the stage of chronic gastritis based on the CDX₂ index in the specified combinations of points. The following model was chosen as the optimal one: to take biopsies at three points (1, 3, 5) and assess their CDX₂ index, with sensitivity equal 80.4%, specificity equal 82.8% and diagnostic accuracy equal 83.9%.
Conclusion. The CDX₂ semi-quantitative index can be used to evaluate GM atrophy. The performed regression analysis demonstrates its predictive role. The constructed regression model based on the CDX₂ semi-quantitative index calculation at two/three points of GM allows increasing predictive value of biopsy investigations and accuracy of stratified assessment of the gastric adenocarcinoma risk development in patients with CG.

The aim of the study was to specify peculiarities of the blood supply to the body and tail of the human pancreas determining topographic variants and vascular bed of the splenic artery.
Material and methods. The artery basin of the pancreas body and tail was studied in 46 native and 42 organ complexes consisting of the pancreas, duodenum, spleen, retropancreatic tissue, celiac trunk with the main branches, a section of the superior mesenteric artery up to the entrance into the root of the small intestine mesentery with the preliminary artery injection by gelatin mass. The organ complexes were fixed in 10% formalin solution.
Results. The study revealed two variants of the splenic artery topography in relation to the pancreas and determined the degree of tortuosity of the artery. In 31.7% of cases the vessel passed retro-pancreatically and in 68.3% suprapancreatically. Moderate tortuosity of the splenic artery was detected most frequently (44.82%); in 34.48% of cases severe tortuosity was detected; in 17.24% of cases there was no tortuosity in the artery. The correlation between area/convolution and the number of pancreatic arteries was found to be 0.864 (p=0.05), which is considered to be a high parameter according to the Cheddock scale. In severe tortuosity of the splenic artery 3.16±0.37 pancreatic arteries on average closed to the corpus caudal segment of the pancreas, in moderate tortuosity – 5.09±1.24, in straight passage – 9±1.22.
Conclusion. The regularities revealed in the spleen artery topography, blood supply of the pancreas body and tail allow determining operational risks and tactics of surgical interventions on the corpus caudal segment of the pancreas.

The aim was to determine the morphometric parameters of the maxillofacial area of Omsk young men of 18-20 years of age according to the teleroentgenography of the head (in a lateral projection), taking into account the indicators of cephalometry and anthropometry, to identify regional constitutional features of quantitative values.
Material and methods. A cephalometric and somatometric examination of 26 Omsk Slavic young men of 18-20 years of age without concomitant pathology was performed, supplemented by an X-ray examination of the head (to obtain teleroentgenograms in a lateral projection). The analysis of teleroentgenograms was carried out in the online service Mave Cloud.
Results. According to the results of anthropometry, the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the young men's heads, the zygomatic diameter and the full height of the face were assessed; the indicators of body growth, body weight, chest circumference and transverse chest diameter were determined. These indicators were used to calculate the indices. The value of the facial index was 81.86 (79.31; 88.88), the value of the head index was 76.65 (74.27; 79.47), the Rees-Eisenck index corresponded to 97.58 (94.62; 107.48), the Rohrer index was 13.34 (12.07; 15.48), the Pinier index was 11.1 (-10; 22), the Quetelet II index was 23.33 (22.03; 27.71). When analyzing teleroentgenograms, it was revealed that the values of some parameters in Omsk young men of 18-20 years of age differ from the values of the «norm». Thus, the indicators of the lower jaw length (Go-Gn), the ratio of the body of the lower jaw length to the length of the anterior base of the skull (Go-Me/S-N), the length of the posterior base of the skull (S-Ar), the height of the branch of the lower jaw (Ar-Go), the ratio of the heights of the face (S-Go/N-Me), the angle between the axis of the lower incisor and the plane of the lower jaw (IM IMPA) have greater values than the «norm»; and the figures of the angles sum according to Bjork (∠SUM Bjork), mandibular angle (∠Ar-Go-Me), maxillary angle (∠N-Go-Ar), upper jaw inclination angle (∠NSL-NL), lower jaw inclination angle (∠NSL-ML), intermaxillary angle (∠NL-ML), the angle between the lower jaw plane and the Frankfurt horizontal (∠FMA), have values less than the «norm». The values of the saddle angle (∠N-S-Ar) differed in young men with euryprosopic and leptoprosopic facial forms. The quantitative values of the lower jaw angle (ArGo-Me) and the upper jaw angle (N-Go-Ar) differed only in the representatives of the dolichocephalic and mesocephalic forms of the head.
Conclusion. Quantitative values of cephalometric and somatometric parameters in Omsk young men of 18-20 years of age have distinctive features. Individual parameters of the maxillofacial area (according to teleroentgenograms) differ in persons with dolichocephalic and mesocephalic forms of the head and in the representatives of euryprosopic and leptoprosopic forms of the face.

The effect of ageing on the morphofunctional features of nerves and the process of their posttraumatic regeneration has been studied in details. However, it is not known, whether there are differences of the neuroregeneration potential in the young, adult and mature experimental animals.
The aim of the study was to evaluate histomorphometrical parameters of the rat sciatic nerve regeneration after cutting and microsurgical suturing depending on their age.
Materials and Methods. The study included 15 white laboratory Wistar rats aged 5–6 (young), 8–10 (adult) and 12 months (mature). The sciatic nerve was transected at the level of the middle third of the thigh with microsurgical scissors and sutured with six epi-perineural stitches in the animals. In 4 months the animals were euthanized. Sections of sciatic nerves distal to the levels of sutures were put into araldite, semi-thin slices (0.5–1.0 mkm) were obtained for histomorphometric analysis. Thirteen intact animals were selected as control. Statistical processing was performed using nonparametric methods.
Results. The numerical density of endoneural vessels in nerves of operated rats was higher than that in the intact ones, but in mature animals it was significantly lower than in young and adult ones (p<0.001). The numerical density of endoneural cells nuclei in young experimental animals did not differ from that of the intact ones, but in animals from the adult and mature groups it was more than four times higher than in animals from the young group (p<0.001). The numerical density of regenerating myelinated nerve fibers in animals of the young and adult groups did not differ from that of the intact nerve, in animals of the mature group it increased in 2.5 times (p<0.001). The numerical density of degenerating myelinated fibers in the operated animals of experimental groups was higher than in the intact group (two times, six times and 11 times higher, respectively). The diameter distribution of the regenerating myelinated fibers in animals of all groups differed from that of the intact control animals.
Conclusions. The data obtained demonstrate a significant decrease in the regenerative potential of Schwann cells and neurons in adult and mature animals compared with the young ones.

In recent years, interest in the study of the morphological and functional characteristics of the organs of the immune system has grown significantly. The immune system makes a significant contribution to the processes of homeostasis and maintaining the health of the organism. Immunity determines the state of the body's resistance to infectious factors. At the same time, the spleen is of particular interest as an immune organ, since the immune system of humans and animals is one of the most sensitive systems of the body, which quickly reacts to any influences. The article presents a literature review devoted to modern concepts of the morphofunctional organization of the spleen in connection with the functions performed, as well as the influence of damaging factors on changes in the morphofunctional parameters of the components of the spleen.

In mammals, the adnexal sex glands are represented by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, urethral and bulbourethral glands, as well as glands that coagulate sperm and ampullary glands. The secret of the accessory genital glands increases the volume of the ejaculate (the share of secretions of these glands accounts for about 95% of the volume of ejaculate) promotes sperm, causes increased contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of the female genital tract.
The purpose of this review is to analyze the morphofunctional organization of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands of mammalian animals and humans.
The presence or absence of seminal vesicles is a species-specific feature. Among mammals, seminal vesicles are well developed in some rodents, insectivores, a number of domestic animals (cattle, pigs), and primates. These glands are absent in cloacae, marsupials, some carnivores, a number of insectivores, artiodactyls. Bulbourethral glands are well developed in rodents, bats, primates, and some ungulates.
In the wall of the seminal vesicles, the mucous, muscular and outer membranes are isolated. The epithelium of the secretory parts is pseudomultitial, the interstitium is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue and a significant number of smooth muscle cells. In the wall of the bulbourethral glands, the mucosa and adventitial membrane are isolated. The secretory end sections of the bulbourethral glands are lined with a single-layer single-row epithelium, glandular cells produce a mucosal or mixed secret. The seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands are androgen-dependent glands. In species with a seasonal pattern of reproduction, their morphofunctional characteristics undergo significant changes during the circannual rhythm of reproduction.
The epithelium of seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands is very sensitive to the action of various adverse factors (heavy metal compounds, organic xenobiotics, electromagnetic radiation, ultrasound, etc.). When exposed to various negative factors in the adnexal glands, a complex of changes occurs (edema of connective tissue and epithelium, decreased secretory activity of epithelial cells, desynchronization of the secretory cycle, desquamation of glandular epithelial cells, proliferation of interstitial connective tissue).
There is a lack of information on many aspects of the characteristics of the adnexal glands of the male reproductive system, primarily on the morphology and physiology of the adnexal glands of animals in natural ecosystems, on the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of these glands, as well as on the mechanisms of regulation of morphofunctional rearrangements of the adnexal glands during seasonal reproduction rhythms, in the conditions of adaptation to various negative influences.

The aim of the study was to investigate age-related changes in bone mineralization indicators in the lumbar vertebrae in women with normal body weight living in the conditions of the Northern region.
Material and methods. A complex somatometric examination and quantitative assessment of the bone tissue mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae were performed according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of a group of Slavic women (n=127) with a normal body weight (BMI values from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m²⁾ aged 20 to 87 years, permanently residing in the Republic of Karelia. Statistical processing of the material was performed using the program "STATISTICA 6.0".
Results. The BMI values in women increased significantly every decade of life. Direct correlations of mineral bone density (MBD) with the body length (r=0.46, p<0.001), with the body surface area (r=0.46, p<0.001), with absolute muscle mass (MM) (r=0.39, p<0.001), and with body mass (r=0.29, p<0.001) were revealed. No significant correlation with the adipose mass was found. The incidence of low MBD of the lumbar vertebrae was 48%: osteopenia was in 29%, osteoporosis was in 19% of women. The analysis of the component composition of the body in women with different levels of bone mass showed significant differences in the absolute content of muscle mass.
Conclusion. In women with a normal BMI, body weight and muscle mass play an essential role in maintaining lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density.