The aim of study was to investigate the neuroglial complex of the prefrontal cortex BA10 area in men and women of the senile age in comparison with the similar parameters in the elderly people.

Material and methods. The study of the neuroglial complex was carried out on a series of frontal total sections of 5 male and 5 female brains in people of the senile age. Totally 20 male and female brain hemispheres were studied. The material was obtained no later than 24 hours after death and was fixed in 10% formalin solution. 20-micron-thick samples were stained with cresyl violet using Nissl method. The density of neurons, total glia, satellite gliocytes and neurons surrounded by them were investigated. Statistical data processing was performed in STATISTICA 12.

Results. The study revealed gender age-related differences of the neuroglial complex morphometric parameters of the prefrontal cortex BA10 area in men and women. The decrease in the density of neurons, the proportion of satellite glia, the increase in the density of total glia were more significantly expressed in senile men than in senile women. These changes were more pronounced in the left hemisphere of the male brain and equally pronounced in both hemispheres in the female brain.

Conclusion. Thus, this study detected features of the neuroglial complex of the prefrontal cortex BA10 area in men and women of the senile age. There was revealed the more significant decrease in the density of pyramidal neurons and satellite gliocytes in the cytoarchitectonic layer III of the prefrontal cortex BA10 area of the male brain compared with the similar layer of the female brain.

The aim of the study was to determine characteristics of the morphometric parameters of the abdominal part of aorta and its unpaired branches in adult men with different body types.

Material and methods. An analysis of 148 computer tomograms of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches was carried out in adult men aged 25-75 years with a different body type. According to the classification V.N. Shevkunenko, three groups with dolichomorphic, mesomorphic and brachymorphic types were distinguished. According to the Pigne Index, asthenic, normostenic and hypersthenic body types are distinguished.

Results. It was established that the diameter of the abdominal aorta at the level of the celiac trunk does not differ depending on the body type according to V.N. Shevkunenko, in groups identified by the Pigne index, the diameter of the abdominal aorta differs at all levels. The length of the abdominal aorta has significant differences only between extreme forms of body type - dolicho- and brachymorphic, as well as between hyper and asthenic. When using the index V.N. Shevkunenko from the studied angular parameters reliably differs only the angle of discharge of the superior mesenteric artery, in groups systematized by the Pigne index, differences are observed in all angular parameters.

Conclusion. Due to the fact that the classification of V.N. Shevkunenko reflects to a greater degree the linear parameters of the body, and the Pigne index is also voluminous (chest girth, body weight), the latter provides a greater number of differences in the compared parameters of the abdominal aorta and its unpaired branches, including those depending on the type and degree of development of the abdominal fatty tissue.

The aim of the study is to define the value of sex hormone receptors expression level in serous ovarian cancer tumor cells for different variants of genetic instability of the cellular substrate and to evaluate its pathogenetic role in the biological "behavior" of the tumor.

Material and methods. The study of surgical and biopsy material from 89 patients with serous ovarian cancer was performed in histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by the Felgen method. Subsequently, the degree of histological differentiation, mitotic regime and ploidy of tumor cells was evaluated, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of the expression in tumor cells of the tumor suppressor mtp53, progesterone and estrogen receptors. Two study groups were distinguished. The first group consisted of 62.9% of patients with negative p53 IGH status. The second group included 37.1% of cases with positive IGH expression of p53 in cells of serous ovarian cancer.

Results. The first group of the studied tumors was characterized by significant morphological heterogeneity. On the contrary, in the group of serous carcinomas where a pronounced expression of oncogen p53 was diagnosed with a pronounced tendency to a low degree of histological differentiation of the parenchymal component of the tumor showed much greater morphological similarity and uniformity. At the same time, tumors in this group were characterized by the maximum indicators of ploidy of tumor cells, which, in our opinion, indicates an increase in cellular atypism and pronounced genetic instability against the background of high proliferative activity. With a significantly different level of genetic instability between the carcinomas of the study groups, the expression of estrogen receptors showed an inverse dependence on the level of cell proliferative activity and the amount of genetic material in the cancer cell. A negative correlation of the level of expression of sex hormone receptors with the degree of tumor differentiation regardless of the level of genetic abnormalities was revealed.

Conclusion. It has been shown that the potential of tumor progression and the clinically more aggressive behavior of a neoplastic tissue substrate largely depends on the level of genetic instability in the epithelium of a cancer tumor, but at the same time, the altered regulatory mechanisms of cellular interactions (dysfunction of paracrine and endocrine regulation) in the tumor type cells leading to a violation of tissue homeostasis.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the shapes of the pelvic cavity, its morphometric characteristics and the distribution of body composition in women in normal conditions and in case of pelvic organs prolapse.

Material and methods. The structural features of the female small pelvis were studied on 92 anatomical preparations, and an experimental determination of the value of intra-abdominal pressure on the perineal area was carried out. In the clinical part of the work, 120 women with and without pelvic organ prolapse (n=60) were examined using multislice spiral computed tomography, anthropometry and bioimpedancemetry. Static processing of the obtained data was carried out using the programs “Statistica 10 for Windows”, “Microsoft Excel”.

Results. Original indices of the pelvis are proposed, according to which the cylindrical and pelvic cavity forms, which are not previously described, narrowing downwards and cylindrical and downwardly extending. It has been found that the downwardly expanding and cylindrical forms of the pelvic cavity are most often found in women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse. It has been established that the areas of the urogenital and anal areas of the perineum are statistically less with a pelvic shape narrowing downwards than with an expanding one. The value of the sagittal angle of the perineum, as well as the inclination angle of the pelvis in the distribution of intra-abdominal pressure on the tissue of the perineum is shown. At the same time, the inclination angle of the pelvis with prolapse of the pelvic organs is significantly less than that of practically healthy individuals who do not suffer from the disease being studied. A clear correlation between the gynecomorphic body type, the downwardly extending pelvic shape and the development of prolapse is traced. It is shown that the total fat content and visceral fat levels are significantly higher in women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse than in the control group. It is noted that with prolapse of the pelvic organs, the total content of water and fat is about the same, while in practically healthy women the water component significantly predominates over fat.

Conclusion. The anatomical prerequisites for pelvic organ prolapse in women are: the downwardly extending shape of the pelvic cavity, an increase in the sagittal angle of the perineum, a decrease in the inclination angle of the pelvis, a gynecomorphic body type and changes in body composition (increase in body mass index, total fat, visceral fat, decrease in total muscle mass).

The aim of the research was to study the quantitative macromicroscopic topography and anatomy of the visceral lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity in the 16-22 weeks of the fetal period.

Material and methods. 100 human fetuses (male and female) from 16 to 22 weeks of ontogenesis were studied. Methods of macromicroscopic preparation; Pirogov sections; histotopography; the method of studying the projection anatomy of the lymphoid system of the abdominal cavity; the method for describing the quantitative topography of the lymphoid system of the abdominal cavity were used. The obtained data were subjected to statistical processing.

Results. On the 16th - 22nd weeks, the group of superior mesenteric lymph nodes (SMLN) is located in the abdominal cavity, has a large length and is well visualized. Using a coordinate system, the location of groups of nodes at the beginning of the observation period corresponds to the XII sector, between XII-XIII radii, in the CD zones, with the borders extending to the middle and the end of the observations to the C-F and G zones. SMLN are located along the mesentery root of the small intestine at the level of ThXI-LV. Indicators of distances from stable anatomical landmarks increase for groups of abdominal lymph nodes 1.8-5.2 times. On the 16th - 22nd weeks of ontogenesis, the topographic and anatomical features and characteristics of SMLN should be described relative to the mesentery root of the small intestine, the small intestine, the main trunk and the branches of the superior mesenteric vessels.

Conclusion. On the 16th - 22nd weeks of human ontogenesis SMLN contain juxtaintestinal, middle and upper central lymph nodes, with morphological integrity. The topography of the mesenteric lymph nodes is characterized by stable skeletopy. The data obtained allow us to expand the understanding of the age anatomy of the human lymphoid system, can be used as an anatomical basis for image analysis in ultrasound scanning and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as in fetal surgery.

The aim of experiment was to study the features of small intestine wall microanatomical constitution in widespread pyoperitonitis to justify the use of microsurgical intestinal suture.

Material and methods. The proximal, middle and distal parts of the mesenterial intestine served as the research material. In animals with experimental peritonitis, a histotopographic method was used to perform serial transverse and longitudinal histotopograms with hematoxylin-eosin and picrofuchsine Van Gieson staining. The wall thickness of the intestine and its membranes was measured with an ocular micrometer through a stereoscopic microscope MBS-10. With the variational-statistical data processing, the mean value, the error of mean, the minimum and maximum values were determined.

Results. Microscopic features in the wall of small intestine mesenterial part in dogs with widespread purulent peritonitis were described. Morphometric data on differences in the thickness of the intestinal wall and its membranes are presented. It was found that morphofunctional changes in the wall of the small intestine correlate with the period of peritonitis development.

Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that microsurgical operation technique could be used during the reactive and toxic stages of widespread peritonitis.

The aim of the research was study the effects of experimental breast cancer and stress on the thymus of laboratory animals

Material and methods. Thymus 40 white nonlinear female rats of the same age were investigated using luminescent-histochemical, general histological and immunohistochemical methods . The animals were divided into 3 groups. In the 1st group were intact animals. Rats of the 2nd group were injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, causing breast cancer. Animals of the 3rd group experienced a combined effect of carcinogen and water-immobilization stress.

Results. It was established that the administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to female rats causes an increase in the size of the medullar and cortex of the thymus lobes. In cells of the premedullary and subcapsular zones, an increase in the level of serotonin and catecholamines is observed, and in cells of the premedullary zone, in the thymocytes of the cortex and medulla - a decrease in the level of histamine. The ratio (serotonin + histamine) / catecholamines decreases and the percentage of degranulated mast cells increases. Also, the number of mature T-lymphocytes and macrophages is increasing against the background of a decrease in the number of S-100+ cells. Combined effect of factors revealed a decrease in the size of the lobes of the organ, the replacement of the parenchyma with adipose and connective tissue, an increase in the content of serotonin and catecholamines, a significant decrease in histamine levels, with a decrease in the ratio (serotonin + histamine) / catecholamines in the same cells, an increase in mature forms of T-lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as a decrease in the percentage of dendritic cells.

Conclusion. The combined effect causes a more pronounced disorganization of the morphofunctional state of the thymus and leads to the 4th phase of the accidental involution of the thymus with the development of atrophy and sclerosis of the organ.

The aim of the research was to study of the effect of metabolites of the culture of Bacillus subtilis 804 on the healing processes of deep linear wounds of rats' skin.

Material and methods. The study was performed on 40 Wistar rats, which were made linear skin wounds 1.0 cm in length and depth to the hypodermis under the inhalation ether anesthesia. The animals were divided into 2 groups (20 rats in each). In the 1st experimental group, the area of the skin wound defect was once watered with 1.0 ml of a sterile solution of the Bacillus subtilis 804 metabolites. In the 2nd control group 1.0 ml of saline was applied to the wound. Tissues from the area of the wound defect were studied using light microscopy, histochemistry, and morphometry on days 3, 7, and 11.

Results. In the experiment, an earlier migration of macrophages into the damage zone and a higher value of macrophage-neutrophil index were observed, which indicated the initially less pronounced inflammatory process, faster wound cleansing and the transition to the next stages of healing with accelerated proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts with the replacement of type III collagen by type I.

Conclusions. The metabolites of Bacillus subtilis 804 optimize the function of effector cells of the reparative process, that limits the severity of inflammation and determines the early migration of macrophages to the damaged area, accelerated cleansing of the wound defect, stimulates the migration of fibroblasts and epithelial cells into the wound, contributes to the formation of a functional and morphologically complete epidermal layer on the 7th day, and the dermal component on the 11th day after the alteration, leads to the limitation of sclerosis during remodeling of the forming scar, ensuring its normotrophicity.

The aim of study was to identify variant anatomy, age and constitutional features of both menisci of the knee joints in men.

Material and methods. The internal and external menisci of both knee joints of 84 male corpses aged 22 to 71 were investigated. The authors conducted an anthropometric study followed by the body type determination using J.M. Tanner scale. Morphometric study of the menisci of the knee joints in 84 male corpses was performed after opening the knee joint capsules with detection of the meniscus relative position and size, its shape, as well as the boundaries between their parts.

Results. The degree of physical development of men directly affects the degree of the morphometric parameters variability of the knee joint menisci. It has been demonstrated that with the enlargement of the muscular component of soma in men, the width of anterior horns of both menisci decreased and the width of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus increased. In addition, with the enlargement of the body fat component, the width of the anterior horns of both menisci and the width of the internal body increased. The wider were the shoulders and narrower was the pelvis, the wider was the anterior horn of the inner meniscus; however, the wider was the pelvis and more expressed were the signs of gyneco-morphism, the wider was the posterior horn of the medial meniscus.

Conclusion. The study results revealed that internal and external menisci of both knee joints are characterized by extensire polymorphism. Linear parameters of internal and external menisci are characterized by the statistical identity of the objects of study. There were no statistically significant differences in the morphometric parameters of the meniscus of both knee joints depending on age. At the same time constitutional features of morphometry of knee joints in men were significant.

The aim of this research was a comparative study of cyclic changes in secretory, destructive and proliferative processes in the adrenal cortex in dogs.

Material and methods. Cyclic changes of morphofunctional indices of adrenal cortex in dogs (Canis familiaris) were studied. Healthy mature males were used. The material was collected in the period from December to April with a monthly interval. For light microscopy the fragments of the adrenal glands were fixed in Steve, Bouin and Zenker liquids, 10% neutral formalin solution. PAS-reaction was used. RNA was detected by the Brachet reaction and gallocyanine according to Einarsson. The material fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin was used to study lipids.

Results. In January, in the adrenal cortex clearly expressed glomerular, fasciculate and reticulae zones. In the glomerular zone elongated cells with oval nuclei are situated, in the fascicular - polygonal cells with rounded nuclei. In February, a decrease in the functional activity of the cortical parenchyma and the development of extensive destructive changes in glandular cells, especially in the glomerular zone, were found in the adrenal cortex. In March, the development of recovery processes and increased secretory activity of the adrenal cortex were noted. Proliferative processes are accompanied by loosening of the capsule, the formation of connective tissue strands going into the fascicular zone. Among the fibers of connective tissue fibroblasts, fibrocytes and small poorly differentiated cells with rounded nuclei are disposed. These cells are converted into elongated cells of the glomerular zone and polygonal cells of the fascicular zone.

Prosthetic hernioplasty is one of the most effective methods of incisional hernia repair. However, there is still a high risk of developing chronic pain syndrome associated with traumatization of the intercostal nerves during placement and fixation of the mesh in different body types. It is necessary to know the variant anatomy of the intercostal nerves depending on the constitutional characteristics of the patient.

The aim was to study the features of the topography intercostal nerves in the anterior abdominal wall with different body types.

Material and methods. The study involved 88 unfixed corpses of both sexes without pathology of the anterior abdominal wall. Were determined the number of intercostal nerves, the variant of their penetration into the rectus abdominis muscle, and the distance from the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle to the point of penetration intercostal nerves into its thickness depending on the body type.

Results. In persons with a dolichomorphic body type there are 5 intercostal nerves most often (75%) and minimal indices of the distance from the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle to the point of intercostal nerve penetration into its thickness (1.6±0.8 cm); in persons with a brachimorphic body type - 7 nerves (92.9%) and maximum indices of this distance (З.8±0.З cm). The posterior variant of the intercostal nerve penetration is more often found in patients with mesomorphic body type (88.9%), and the lateral variant - in patients with a brachymorphic type of constitution (80.7%).

Conclusion. It is necessary to take into account the variant anatomy of the intercostal nerves depending on the constitutional characteristics to reduce the risk of intraoperative traumatization of the intercostal nerves in prosthetic hernioplasty.

The article is devoted to the review and analysis of scientific literature on physiological and reparative histogenesis in the cornea. The most vulnerable in injuries of the anterior parts of the eye is the cornea. Therefore, it is extremely important to assess the processes of regeneration of the cornea. There are stem cells in the corneal tissues, but their contribution to its regeneration is different and depends on many internal and external factors. The most prominent role and importance of stem cells in the regeneration of the cornea is manifested in the regeneration of the anterior epithelium. It is constantly updated by mitotic division of corneal phenotype stem cells located in the corneal area of the limb and perilymbal zone. Cells of other layers of the cornea - keratocytes own substance and endothelial cells are rarely divided. Keratocytes are capable of proliferation under the influence of additional factors, and the endothelial repareret by stretching and migration of the endothelial cells intact and at the expense of intracellular regeneration. The main reason for the violation of reparative regeneration of corneal tissue is limbal cell insufficiency syndrome, due to deficiency or dysfunction of stem cells of the limb. The lack of stem cells of any type of tissue can lead to impaired regeneration of the injured cornea as a result of advanced proliferation of myofibroblasts and secretion of the extracellular matrix, which contributes to the formation of connective scar and corneal opacity. Damage to the limbal region significantly disrupts reparative histogenesis in the cornea. Normal epithelialization of the cornea is possible with the preservation of at least half of the area of the limbal region.

Amyloid plaques (also known as senile plaques) are insoluble extracellular aggregates of the P-amyloid peptide that accumulate in the human brain under normal aging and Alzheimer disease.

The aim of this work was to study distinctive features of amyloid plaque detection in the cerebral cortex of the elderly with histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques.

Material and methods. This study included samples of brain cortex of humans, males and females, aged 79-98, n = 23. Histochemical detection of amyloid was performed using the Congo red and the sodium sulphate-Alcian Blue methods. Anti-amyloid fibrils OC antibodies were used for immunohistochemical identification of amyloid plaques, anti-GFAP antibodies were used for astrocyte detection, a double immunofluorescent OC/GFAP reaction was performed for simultaneous detection of amyloid plaques and astrocytes.

Results. The study results have demonstrated that classical histochemical methods are not effective for identification of amyloid plaques in the human brain allowing detecting only isolated amyloid accumulations. Immunohistochemical reaction with application of anti-amyloid fibrils OC antibodies allows identifying numerous amyloid plaques and studying plaque morphology. Immunohistochemical reaction with application of GFAP, being an astrocyte marker protein, is also suitable for the primary analysis of the human brain samples for the presence or absence of amyloid plaques. The double OC/GFAP immunofluorescence protocol developed by the authors makes it possible to identify both amyloid plaques and astrocytes with high specificity, to further study their spatial relationship and to create 3D reconstructions giving comprehensive information about the structural features and spatial relationship of astrocytes and amyloid plaques.

The article is devoted to the outstanding Russian scientist, doctor of medicine, professor, academician of RAS Lev L'vovich Kolesnikov. Main stages of scientific and educational activity of the leader of Russian morphologists - L. L. Kolesnikov, his role in the development of a new scientific area in morphology and clinical medicine -sphincterology, the development of modern international morphological nomenclatures are discussed in the article. For 18 years L.L. Kolesnikov skillfully led the Scientific Medical Society of anatomists, histologists and embryologists, creatively approached the organization of its activities, coordinated numerous scientific forums.