The modern personalized medicine using in its toolkit high-tech methods of diagnostic and treatment bases on accomplishments of scientists in many directions and one of the most important is the Anthropology. On top of trends Clinical Anthropology has as a field of research the study of consistent patterns and definition varieties of the typological alterability of the organization of the human body and its parts. Due to the current-day approaches developed mostly in the Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology the Anthropology brings to the Nutritiology the information about individual distinctions of physical and nutritional status of humans considering of somatotypological variability, age, sex and other factors. Anthropological view brings to specialists standards and norms of the somatic growth which differentiated with the consideration of age-and-sex groups and of stature’s type (somatic type). In turn, the capabilities of Nutritiology and Dietology (dietotherapy, patient-specific nutrition and etc) could assure the correction of the image, nutritional status, many of anthropometric figures. Submitted data show different levels of morbidity, specific clinical character of the state of different diseases, including alimentary diseases, in different somatic type groups. The efficiency of the dietetic therapy for some alimentary diseases (alimentary obesity) also is dissimilar in groups of the different somatic types that means personify patient-specific statical demand for each person. Adducted materials point out the existence of close affinity and crosstalk between scientific disciplines – Anthropology and Nutritiology. No less, mentioned materials allow to recommend widespread use of anthropomorphic method in clinical practice providing individual attitude for the patient.

The article discusses the possibilities of expanding the effectiveness of ultrasound screening studies in perinatology based on the results of a study of 894 fetuses. It is established that the standardization of the study is facilitated by one specialist, on the scanner of one model, during a sufficiently short time interval. The range of the regional norm for quantitative intravital parameters of topographic and anatomical parameters of the thymus in the conditions of a large industrial city in healthy pregnant females has been determined and their dynamic changes – absolute growth and growth intensity at the screening inspection stages have been studied. For the first time to describe the quantitative topography of the thymus in fetuses, the shortest distances from the center of the vertebral body and also to the center of the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk and the superior vena cava, the thymic-thoracic index were studied, and the dynamics of their growth were traced. For the first time quantitative criteria and dynamic features of the change (biparietal, fronto-occipital dimensions and head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, thymus size) in fetuses of HIV-infected pregnant women were determined. For the first time, the fetometric parameters of the bearing fruit in low-, medium- and high-growth pregnant brachy-, meso- and dolichomorphic somatotypes at the stages of the second and third ultrasonic screening. Correlation relationships of fetometry indicators with anthropometric parameters in low-, medium- and tall pregnant brachy-, mezo- and dolichomorphic somatotypes at the stages of the second and third ultrasonic screening survey are shown. The possibilities of morphometric analysis, wide study not only of anatomy, but also of the topography of organs, the application of the laws of teachings on age anatomy, individual anatomical variability, and clinical anthropology are shown on the example of thymus research, features of fetuses of HIV-infected pregnant women, fetuses of women of different constitution and growth.

The aim is to study the morphological and functional characteristics of the gastric mucosa of rats exposed to sodium tetraborate.

Material and methods. The object of the study were the stomachs of 50 white male mongrel rats. The animals were divided into 2 groups. Animals of the 1st group once intragastrically through the probe entered the borax in the dose of LD₅₀ – 5000 mg/kg. Animals of the second group intragastrically through a tube daily introduced sodium tetraborate at a dose of 1/10 LD₅₀ – 500 mg/kg. the Animals of the 1^st group were withdrawn from the experiment in a day after single administration of sodium tetraborate, animals of the 2^nd group – 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after the start of the experiment. The obtained material was treated using histological, histochemical and immunocytochemical methods.

Results. With a single and long-term exposure to sodium tetraborate in the gastric mucosa against the background of edema, stagnation of blood elements in the blood vessels of the microcirculatory bed, moderate leukocyte infiltration, there was focal desquamation of the epithelium, numerous destructive changes in the cover and glandular cells of the gastric mucosa, a significant death of epithelial cells, accompanied by a decrease in the secretory function of mucous cells. Destructive changes are more pronounced at a higher dose of sodium tetraborate. Damage to epithelial cells lead to an increase in the zone of proliferative activity of the epithelium of the mucous membrane (mitoses are noted not only in the neck of the gland, but also in the body of the gland and in the epithelium of gastric pits). In the own plate of the mucous membrane there is an increase in the activity of fibroblasts.

Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a negative impact of the used doses of sodium tetraborate. The expansion of the zone of proliferative activity of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the stomach, aimed at the restoration of structural homeostasis, is not fully offset with a significant destruction of epithelial and glandular cells. The increase in the activity of fibroblastic differon cells indicates their greater resistance to the negative effects of sodium tetraborate in comparison with epithelial cells.

The aim was to study of anthropometric indicators to determine the level of physical development of adolescents engaged and not involved in sports.

Material and methods. 110 male athletes engaged in Sambo wrestling (average age 15.4±0.7) were examined. The study used methods of complex anthropometry and dynamometry. As the main indicators were estimated the length and weight of the body, indicators of the chest circumference and vital capacity of the lungs, the value of back and carpal dynamometry. Hand dynamometry was carried out on the device medical electronic dynamometer DMER-120-0.5. Back dynamometry was carried out on the device back dynamometer, DS-500.

Results. In the study group, about 61 % of athletes in each age group have deviations from the weight norm in accordance with the Broca index. Despite active physical activity, about 30 % of the surveyed, in each age group, have a medium or weak physique. The tendency towards weight loss may be due to excessive exercise or insufficient nutrition and recovery.

Conclusion. There is a decrease in the values of weight-growth indices, which indicate non-compliance with the basic principles (balance, adequacy) of the nutrition system, as the main part of the system of recovery of the young athlete and require a revision of approaches to the diet of Sambo athletes.

The purpose of the study is to obtain new quantitative morphometric data on the anatomy of the acetabulum, femoral head and femoral head ligament in 18–22 weeks of fetus development.

Materials and methods. The object of the research were 30 human fetuses 20–22 weeks of development, obtained in artificial abortion according to the social reasons. We used a set of morphological techniques: macromicroscopic preparation, a method of cuts according to N. I. Pirogov, preparing of serial histotopograms, morphometry and a method of statistical analysis. All samples were divided into three age groups: 18–19 weeks, 20–21 weeks and 22 week.

Results. New quantitative morphometric data of the main parameters of the acetabulum, femoral head and its ligament in human fetuses with the age interval of 2 weeks were obtained. Based on the analysis of the data, it was found that at the period from 18 to 22 weeks of development, the vertical diameter of the acetabulum is larger than the horizontal one; the depth of the acetabulum changes with less intensity than the diameters. A wide range of absolute values of the parameters studied, as well as the difference in the degree of ossification of the acetabulum, suggest the presence of individual features of development. Changes in the diameters of the femoral head correlate with changes in the acetabulum itself. Significant asymmetry and sexual dimorphism of these structures have not been identified.

Conclusion. It was revealed that in the period of 18–22 weeks of development, the formation of the anatomy of the acetabulum is actively underway. The dynamics of change of quantitative parameters of the hip joint structures has the character of a uniform increase over the period studied. In addition, the results of the work suggest the presence of individual features of the anatomy of the acetabulum of the fetus.

The purpose of the study was to identify anthropometric factors determining the state of bone mineral density in lumbar vertebrae in postmenopausal women.

Material and methods. Anthropometry was used to determine the component composition of the body in 191 postmenopausal women aged 43 to 84 years. Bone mineral density of lumbar vertebrae was assessed by x-ray densitometry. Correlation analysis was carried out to identify the relationship between the studied parameters.

Results. The frequency of occurrence of mineral density disorders of lumbar vertebrae was 63.4%, including osteopenia – 40.3%, osteoporosis – 23.1%. In persons with overweight and obesity, osteopenia was more often recorded (2.2 and 4 times, respectively), in women with normal body weight, osteoporosis was more frequent (1.2 times). Values of anthropometric parameters and component composition of the body were statistically significantly lower in women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Conclusion. It was found that the anthropometric markers determining the mineral density of bone tissue of lumbar vertebrae in postmenopausal women may be body weight, body mass index, body surface area, muscle mass and fat mass.

The aim of the study was to investigate changes of neuroblasts’ numeral destiny in rats’ olfactory bulb and rostral migratory stream after neurotoxic action in infant age.

Material and methods. The distribution of DCX, a marker of immature neurons, was studied to reveal the dynamics of its expression in the evolutionary period of ontogenesis in olfactory bulbs and rostral migratory stream in 30, 60, 90, and 180-day-old rats. Modeling of neurotoxic effects was carried out by three times injections of capsaicin on the 30–32 day of life in a total dose of 120 mg/kg. The material for the study was sampled on the 15-, 30- and 60^th days of the experiment. The marker was detected on parasagittal paraffin sections, taking into account the layers of the olfactory bulb. The numerical density of DCX+ neurons (pcs/mm²) and their part in the total number of cells were determined.

Results. The standard age indicators of the numerical density of immature neurons and their share in the cell population, as well as similar indicators for two months after toxic effects, were established. The administration of toxic doses of capsaicin causes a massive death of mature neurons. Compensatory reaction manifested by activation of neurogenesis in the brain stem niches and an increase in the numerical density neuroblasts in the rostral stream.

Conclusions. Activation of neurogenesis during neurodegeneration causes an increase in the number of DCX + neuronal progenitors in the olfactory bulb after 30 days after exposure and maintaining high levels until the end of observation.

The purpose of this study was to develop data about growth-weighted indexes of men of youthful and Mature age, ethnic Kyrgyz.

Material and methods. 955 men of youthful and Mature age, ethnic Kyrgyz living in Osh and its vicinities, practically healthy were examined. The method of complex anthropometry included estimation of 21 parameters necessary for somatotyping. The length and weight of the body were determined. Morphometric data processing was carried out with the help of statistical programs Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA 6.0 package. The differences between the two compared values were considered reliable according to the student's criterion at p < 0.05.

Results. Somatotyping of men showed predominance of abdominal somatotype, with a minimum percentage of breast somatotype. The analysis of growth-weight indicators in different somatotypes showed that regardless of the somatotype, the length of the body increases slightly during the transition from adolescence to the 1st period of adulthood, which is explained by the continuation of growth processes. A slight decrease in body length in the 2nd period of adulthood is due to natural physiological processes and is a proven age-dependent fact.

Conclusion. In the result of the study shows the distribution in the relative number of different somatotypes of men in the Kyrgyz population; shows the age and somatotypological characteristics of height and body mass that has significant scientific and practical importance.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of bacteriophage microbiota infection on the expression of alpha-synuclein (A-syn) in rat small intestinal wall cells.

Material and methods. The work was performed on Wistar rats, which once a day rectally injected a cocktail of bacteriophages against pathogenic bacteria or sterile saline (control). Various parts of the small intestine were frozen on dry ice, and cryostat sections were prepared to immunohistochemically investigation the localization of A-syn in the cells of the intestinal wall after 10 days of experiment.

Results. A significant quantitative increase of immunopositive to A-syn lymphocytes and an increase in the expression of this protein in the neurons of the intermuscular and submucous nerve plexuses were detected.

Conclusion. Bacteriophage infection of the microbiota has a pronounced effect on the expression of alpha synuclein in lymphocytes and neurons localized in the wall of the small intestine.

The purpose of the study was devoted to the investigation of nucleoli and related structures of the nucleus of neurons in the brain of white rats in normal and after 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries.

Material and methods. Structural types, tinctorial properties, number, shape, size and distribution of neuronal nuclei of the neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala in the control (falsely operated animals, n=5) and after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days (n=25) after acute ischemia were studied by light (stained with hematoxilin and eosin, according to Nisl), electron (uranyl acetate and lead citrate), fluorescence (DAPI) and morphometry.

Results. The study showed that neurons with one nucleolus (about 90%) prevailed in the control in all studied parts of the brain. In the postischemic period is marked by considerable heterogeneity of morphological and functional activity of nucleoli – depletion alone, activation and amplification of others. Neocortex, CA₁ and CA₃ zones of hippocampus with a large share of neurons (up to 40%) with an increased number of nucleoli were revealed after 1–7 days after ischemia. The highest content of such neurons was observed in the neocortex and CA₃ field of the hippocampus after 1 and 3 days. 14 days after ischemia, the number of nucleoli in neurons was restored to the level of control and remained so after 30 days.

Conclusion. Thus, after acute ischemia caused by 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries, qualitative and quantitative changes in nucleoli were revealed. Within 7 days after reperfusion, there was an "adaptive-reparative shift" in the chromosomal balance and the activity of the existing nucleolar organizers of the preserved neurons increased. These changes we refer to the mechanisms of natural protection of the nervous tissue of the brain in the reperfusion period.

The aim of the study is to define of variants of the Willi’s circle and also structural features of the vessel walls at the site of aneurysm location in people who died from aneurysms in the dead from their rupture to identify risk groups for cerebrovascular disease.

Material and methods. The structure of cerebral vessels of 8 people at the age from 17 to 69 of both sexes who died from subarachnoid hemorrhage of aneurysmal genesis was examined due to macro-microscopical and clinical methods. Histology slides of cerebral arterial walls of aneurysm area were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Mallory’s technique and then were examined.

Results. Variants of the Willi’s circle and morphological features of vessel walls located in aneurysm formation area in people who died from aneurysm rupture are shown in the article

Conclusion. Not classic variants of Willi’s circle, fibromuscular dysplasia of the medial type and atherosclerotic changes of vessel walls contributes to aneurysm occurrence in cerebral vessels.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the dynamics of tumor volume change in different age groups and its relation to the clinical (sex, age, stage of disease, life expectancy) and morphological parameters (tumor localization, metastases to regional lymph nodes, tumor invasion depth, histological type and degree of differentiation).

Material and methods. The data of 527 patients (men and women, age from 24 to 86 years) suffering from colorectal cancer who underwent primary resection of the tumor. Clinical data and protocols of pathologist were analyzed: clinical stage of the disease, tumor localization, life expectancy, macroscopic, microscopic description, diagnosis. Based on the data obtained from the gross description, the tumor volume was calculated.

Results. The maximum incidence of colorectal cancer was observed in patients in the age group from 70 to 79 years, more than 90% of all patients are over 50 years old. The volume of the tumor in colorectal cancer varied significantly, but the dynamics of the increase of the average volume with age was not observed. Opposite, the largest neoplasms were found in the youngest patients.

Conclusion. Obtained data shows that changes in the tumor volume in colorectal cancer is nonlinear. Indicators of tumor volume in different age groups show similar dynamics: the most common tumors are mediumsized, but the small and very large tumors are much less common, which can explain the low rates of detection of tumors of this localization in the early stages.

Objective – the study of age-related changes in the thickness of the cortex and its layers in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum of children.

Material and methods. The work is performed on postmortem material (62 cerebellum), obtained from children aged from birth to 12 years who died as a result of injuries without brain damage. Using computer morphometry on the painted method Nissle frontal histological sections of cortex, taken in region right and left posterior quadrangular lobules (H VI) on top of the folia of cerebellum, was measured the cortical thickness and the thickness of molecular and granular layers. Analysis of quantitative data was performed at annual intervals.

Results. The posterior lobe of the cerebellum the increase in the thickness of the cortex in the left hemisphere occurs in two stages: from birth to 1 year and then to 2 years, in the right hemisphere in three stages: from birth to 1 year, and 2 and 7 years. Right-sided asymmetry of the thickness of the cerebellar cortex observed in infants and children 7 years of age, thickness of granular layer in infants and children 9 years. Left-hand asymmetry is specific to cortical thickness and its molecular layer in children 12 months.

Conclusion. The thickness of the cerebellar cortex and its layers in the area of the lobule H VI increases during early childhood, and in the right hemisphere also during the first childhood. Reducing the diameter of the cortex and layer in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum of children from birth to 12 years of age are not detected.

The aim: to study the structural characteristics and sensitivity of rat hippocampal cells to the endothelial growth factor of vessels against intranasal administration of nanoparticles (NP) TiO₂ (rutile form, 40–60 nm, daily, 10 mg/kg animal body weight, 30 days).

Material and methods. When studying the effect of the studied NP on the morphological characteristics of the hippocampus, animals of the experimental group were intranasally injected daily with a suspension of NP TiO₂ (10 mg/kg body weight, 30 days), and the rats of the control group received distilled water in the same volume. Animals were removed from the experiment after 30 days of overdose of diethyl ether and the brain was removed for histological and electron microscopic examination. We used classical morphological approaches, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to the cell sensitivity marker, the receptor for endothelial vascular growth factor VEGFR-1 / Flt-1.The classical morphological approaches, the method of electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to the marker of sensitivity of the receptor cells to the endothelial vascular growth factor VEGFR-1/Flt-1 were used.

Results. It has been established that against the background of intranasal administration of NP TiO₂ in the pyramidal layer of CA₁ and CA₃ hippocampal fields, the density of neuronal packing decreases, the area of the nucleus and the pericarion of the cells decrease in comparison with the control. Ultrastructural changes were detected, indicating a damage to the structures of the energy and protein synthesis apparatus of neurons. Immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in the sensitivity of vascular endothelial cells and the hippocampal macroglia of the experimental group of animals to the endothelial factor of vascular growth.

Conclusions. Intranasal management of NP TiO₂ leads to negative changes in the structural characteristics of the CA₁, CA₃ hippocampal zones, ultramicroscopic features, and also to an increase in the sensitivity of a number of cells to VEGF, which indicates their possible neurotoxic effect.

The aim of the study was to study the divergence in the structure of the human femur and some mammals tetrapods.

Material and methods. The osteometric study was conducted on 404 thighs of modern human, Bos taurus Taurus, L. 1758, Canis lupus  familiaris, L. 1758, Oryctolagus cuniculus, L.  1758. 28 homologous structures on each bone were measured. The coefficient of proportionality took into account the influence of animal weight on the formation of the skeleton. The transverse diameter of the shaft in the middle of the bone length was taken as a unit.

Results. As a result, it was found that the main differences in the structure of the femur are associated with an increase in its relative length, the width of the proximal epiphysis, an increase in the head, a decrease in the angles of the anteversion and the diaphyseal angle, a decrease in the bending of the femoral shaft anteriorly and an increase in its relative sagittal diameter. If the constancy of the width of the distal epiphysis of the increased width of the articular surface of the patella and the width of the intercondylar fossa, increased the relative size of the lateral condyle, the size of epicondyles decreased.

This essay is about the differences in the description of the upper story of the peritoneal cavity, the omental bursa and omental (epiploic) foramen, which connects the omental bursa (lesser sac) with the rest of the peritoneal cavity (greater sac). The difference in the description of the omental bursa causes misunderstanding during the study of the topic «The stories of the peritoneal cavity». The misunderstanding is especially well expressed when we teach the foreign students because there is a great difference in the description of the omental bursa in Russian and English literature. That is why we decided to analyze the data of the omental bursa in different literal sources. We analyzed 11 textbooks, 5 of the mare Russian and 6 of the mare English, most useful for the students during the preparing the material for Anatomy classes. The results are given in tables.

The article outlines the life course and scientific legacy of Boris Aleksandrovich Nikityuk, doctor of medical sciences, professor, corresponding-member of the RAMS. The contribution of the scientist to the development of integrated anthropology is shown. The memories of his colleagues and progenies are published.

The article is devoted to Alla Valentinovna Markevich, candidate of medical sciences, associate professor of the department of normal anatomy, Rostov state medical university. Her scientific and pedagogical activity, contribution to the development of the Rostov anatomical school are covered.