The aim is to study the parameters of the "upper fan" in adults with different forms of the facial skull.

Material and methods. The material for the study was 60 passportized skulls of mature people from the craniological collection of the fundamental museum of the human anatomy department of the Azerbaijan Medical University. To study the asymmetry of the facial skull, a "fan" craniometry method was used.

Results. The results of craniometric measurements showed that in the "upper fan" the distance from the nazion to the point on the apex of the frontal hillock on the right side is 1.02 times less than on the left. Distances from the nazion to the most prominent point on the zygomatic bone and from the nasal to the infraorbital foramen on the right and left sides are almost identical. The distance from the nasin to the point on the lateral margin of the pyriform aperture is 1.02 times greater on the right side than on the left side (p_s<0.05). The distance from the nazion to the lowest point of the pyriform aperture is on the contrary, on the right side it is 1.05 times greater than on the left side (p_s<0.05). The distance from the nazion to the lowest point of the pyriform hole and to the point on the lateral edge of the pear-shaped aperture on the right side is greater than on the left. For the distance from the nasal to the most prominent point on the malar bone and to the infraorbital foramen, asymmetry is not established.

The aim was to study the morphofunctional state of the mast cells (MC) population in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils after a 12-day space flight.

Material and methods. The experiment was performed on 35 Mongolian gerbils, 12 of which were in the 12-day space flight onboard the “Foton-M” No. 3 spacecraft, 11 animals made up a group of synchronous experiments, simulating some conditions of orbital flight, 12 – a vivarium group. The object of the study – the MC of the stomach fundus. Histochemical (revealing the chloroacetyl esterase activity, staining with toluidine blue) and immunomorphological (identification of tryptase, MC chymase and growth factor of MC and stem cells receptor – CD117) staining techniques were used.

Results. A decrease in the volume of the gastric MC population was observed, which was combined with a change in the secretion and expression of the growth factor receptor of mast cells and stem cells after orbital flight. The increase in the number of chloroacetyl esterase-positive MC, in the intensity of migration of mature MC precursors in the gastric membrane was found. The decrease in tryptase-containing MC in the population, indicating the active secretion of protease under the influence of real space flight factors, was accompanied by an increase of chymase expression. The results of the synchronous experiment on modeling the orbital flight conditions in the model of ground equipment were not characterized by such pronounced changes.

Conclusions. MC are a multifunctional element of the stomach anti-gravity system and a promising target for the study of adaptive processes in tissue microenvironment in zero gravity. MC take an active part in the formation of gravisensitivity of the stomach tissue structures of Mongolian gerbils and determine the development of adaptive processes under the influence of weightlessness at the local and systemic levels.

The aim was to study the influence of physical exertion on intrathyroid humoral regulators of the thyroid gland (TG) – parafollicular cells (C-thyrocytes).

Material and methods. The animals of the intact group (12 male dogs) and two experimental groups (11 dogs in each) were studied. As their motor activity (running on the treadmill tape) various types of loads were received: training (before long duration of run – 1^st  group) and starting (given after training loads – 2^nd group). On the entire surface of the transverse sections of the right lobe of the thyroid gland, after immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal antibodies to calcitonin, C-thyrocytes were analyzed using topographic and zonal principles. After qualitative description of C-cells (the position of cells or their associations to follicles: intra-, inter- and parafollicular) diameter was measured, their functional state was characterized with help of semiquantitative (the number of granules) and quantitative (cross-sectional area) methods.

Results. The average quantity of the C-cells, the space occupied by them and their quantity in groups at experimental animals were decreased (p<0.05), and at loadings of starting character there were quite often individual  C-cells. Calcitoninocytes were more often located about small follicles, probably, it has been connected with mechanisms of their passive moving in gland due to formation of new follicles.

Conclusions. It has been revealed, that adaptable changes of TG are closely connected with specific features and character of loads and lead to quantitative and qualitative structural exchanges of parafollicular cells, regulating a morphofunctional condition of the gland and its components.

The aim of the study was to study the clinical-anamnestic, molecular-genetic and morphological characteristics of patients with tubal-peritoneal infertility on the background of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (uCTD).

Material and methods. 60 cases of tubal-peritoneal infertility were analyzed. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of a modified scoring scale by T. I. Kadurina. The degree of expression of uCTD on a modified scale by T. I. Kadurina and on the scale of T. I. Kadurina and L.N. Abbamukova was evaluated. In the following, the patients were genotyped for carriage of IL6-174 C / G gene polymorphism [rs1800795] and VEGF 634 G / C [rs2010963]. Some patients, from the groups represented, under operative intervention, performed a biopsy of fragments of the aponeurosis of the anterior abdominal wall followed by hemostasis. To study the structure of the connective tissue of the extracellular matrix, the sections were stained by Van-Geison and by Mallory. In the samples collagens I and III, as well as CD34⁺-structures were detected immunohistochemically.

Results. Using strict criteria (more than 6 external phenotypes), the clinical significance of anomalies increases, and the frequency decreases to 25%. Clinical manifestations of signs of hereditary pathology of connective tissue depend on environmental factors, gene penetrance and patterns of gene expression.

Conclusions. Diagnosis of uCTD is possible already at the stage of physical examination with a complex evaluation of external and visceral phenotypic markers on the scale of T. I. Kadurina and L.N. Abbamukova and on a modified scale by T. I. Kadurina. The polymorphism of the genes IL6 _-174 [rs1800795] C> G C / C and VEGFA 634 [rs2010963] G> C G / C is a predictor of uCTD. Expression of type III collagen in this pathology indicates the presence of an unformed connective tissue, characterized by a high degree of vascularization. Violation of the architectonics of connective tissue is the basis for the formation of a multifaceted dysplasia associated pathology in patients with tubal-peritoneal infertility.

The aim: to evaluate the morphological substrate of adaptive and compensatory processes in the thyroid gland in experimental hepatofibrosis.

Material and methods. The work was performed on 120 white male rats weighing 180–200 g, which were co-administered with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a dose of 0.2 mcg/kg body weight and hepatotoxic venom – carbon tetrachloride (CTC) at a rate of 0.5 ml of a 30% CTC oil solution for 30, 60 and 90 days. Thereafter, the introduction of CTC and LPS stopped with an assessment of the morphological changes in the thyroid tissue at 7, 30 and 60 days. A histological examination resulted in an analysis of the volume fraction of extrafollicular and intrafollicular epithelium in verified hepatophybrosis and the presence of endogenous intoxication.

Results. It was found that the duration of the toxic effect affected the ability of the thyrocytes to recover and, as the periods of intoxication increased, a gradual increase in the volume fraction of the follicular and extrafollicular epithelium was observed, while after the cessation of the injection of CTC and LPS the volume fraction of thyrocytes, due to extrafollicular epithelium, which was accompanied by a microfollicular transformation of the thyroid tissue to 90 days.

Conclusion. It was established, that in modeling experimental hepatofibrosis the initial adaptation of thyrocytes consisted in changing the cell shape to cubic/prismatic, which was accompanied by resorption of the colloid on the 30th day of CTC and LPS combined administration and subsequent compensation in formation of new daughter follicles. After the termination of the toxic effect, hyperplasia of the thyrocytes was observed in the form of Sanderson’s pads, an increase in the volume fraction of the extrafollicular epithelium, which indicates the restoration of the thyroid parenchyma with the formation of proliferation centers, which can be the source of the formation of uncontrolled foci of hormonopoiesis.

The purpose of this article is to study the structure of the distal sections of the alveolar processes of the maxilla in people with different forms of alveolar arches in order to determine the optimal diameter of implantation when relocating the upper jaw molars to the interradicular septa.

Materials and methods. The study involved 94 patients, men and women aged 18–36 years. Clinical (examination and selection of patients), anthropometric (study of the peculiarities of the structure of the upper jaw and alveolar arches) and radial methods of the study (cone-ray computer tomography of the right and left upper jaws were carried out, followed by studying the features of the alveolar process with a program for viewing and analysis of computer tomograms).

Results. The studied anthropometric parameters of the right and left upper jaws did not differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). Correlation links between the indices of the distance from the hillock to the intermaxillary suture and the distance from the fronto-maxillary suture to the lower edge of the alveolar process of the right and left upper jaws are revealed. Studies have shown that the diameter of the circumference inscribed in the base of the interradicular septum was greatest in the region of the first molars in all groups of objects under study.

The aim of the study was to describe a rare case of multiple anomalies of the cardiovascular, peripheral nervous and reproductive systems of the human body.

Material and methods. A corpse of a man of 52 years old, fixed with a 10% formalin solution, was dissected. In the course of the study, morphometric measurements of anatomical objects were performed using a caliper. From the additional third testicle, a tissue fragment 0.5×0.5×0.5 cm in size was excised, additionally fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution for 24 hours, then conducted on alcohols of ascending concentration and poured into paraffin. Sections 5 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Results. A bilateral anomaly of the external carotid artery was found, consisting in the dystopia of its branches and the presence of atypical additional vessels, blood supplying the larynx and trachea. A bilateral variant of the sublingual nerve topography was observed. A bilateral anomaly of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the femur was recorded. The case of the third additional testicle dystopia is described.

The purpose of the study was to identify the morphometric response of the rat adrenal medulla to partial laser destruction of the contralateral organ.

Materials and methods. On paraffin sections of adrenal medulla stained using L.H. Honore method in Wistar rats (n=41) for 2 months after the laser damage of the contralateral organs the volume fractions of adrenalocytes, noradrenalocytes, blood vessels, stroma and neurons were determined as well as the average crosssectional areas of adrenalocytes, noradrenalocytes and their nuclei.

Results. In the intact adrenal medulla after partial laser destruction of the contralateral organ, we found an increase in the volume fraction of blood vessels on day 7. This coincides with the increase in the vascular fraction in the damaged paired organ at this time. There are also detected a change of ratio adrenalocytes : noradrenalocytes in favor of the first in the course of the entire observation. Besides, we identified hypertrophy in the both subpopulations of chromaffinocytes and in their nuclei with maximum on day 14. More pronounced the hypertrophy was in the adrenalocytes than in the noradrenalocytes.

Conclusions. The systemic response of the adrenal medulla as the connected paired structure manifested itself in the increase of the volume fraction of blood vessels in both adrenal medulla on day 7 after laser lesion of one of them. Compensatory-adaptive reaction manifested in hypertrophy of the both subpopulations of chromaffinocytes and their nuclei with maximum on day 14. Change of ratio adrenalocytes : noradrenalocytes in favor of the first in the course of the entire observation also can be considered as a consequence of the compensatoryadaptive system response of adrenal medulla on this type of impact.

The aim of the study was to study the anatomical and topographical features of the common bile duct (CBD) and pancreatic ducts.

Material and methods. The study was performed on autopsy material obtained from 80 corpses (40 men and 40 women) aged 50 to 75 years. A complex topographic-anatomical and morphometric study of CBD, main (MPD) and accessory (APD) pancreatic ducts was conducted.

Results. The depth of CBD in the pancreas and the value of its diameter in men and women were established. The peculiarities of the formation of CBD were revealed. The values of the diameter of the MPD, its location and the features of the configuration within the organ are established. The ratio of different types of relative location of the terminal parts of the CBD and the duct of the pancreas is obtained. The incidence of APD and “pancreas divisum” in the study material was revealed.

Conclusion. The main drainage function in the pancreas is performed by the MPD. The sinuous structure of the duct is rare and indicates a possible violation of the fusion of the rudiment of the pancreas during embryogenesis. With a deep deposition of the MPD, the drainage is carried out through the APP, the frequency of occurrence of which was 83.7%. The presence of a divided system of pancreatic ducts, or "pancreas divisum", in the studied population is no more than 5.0% of cases. Knowledge of the architectonics of pancreatic ducts and anatomical and topographic variants of its development raises the quality of diagnosis with the use of modern equipment for radiation diagnosis in diseases of the pancreas.

The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical features and quantitative characteristics of the anterior perforated substance (APS), in both sexes, with allowance for bilateral symmetry, and to reveal regularities of topography of central arteries.

Material and methods. The subject of the study was the preparations of the brain of 64 men and 52 women aged from 21 to 60 years, obtained during autopsy, whose death was not associated with the pathology of the central nervous system. The temporal lobes, the brain stem and all the vessels were removed on the basal surface of the brain. On the boundaries of the APS, its area was determined and division into quadrants was performed.

Results. Individual anatomical variability of the surface area of APS was established, both in the sexual aspect and from the point of bilateral symmetry. The minimum and maximum values of the surface area of the APS in men to the right were 61.8 and 166.8 mm², on the left – 54.9 and 219.2 mm²; in women on the right – 75.2 and 172.5 mm², on the left – 50.8 and 180.2 mm², respectively. The median and standard quadratic deviation (Me±σ) of the surface area of the APS on the right and left in men were 103.9±30.87 and 96.55 ± 40.70 mm², in women, 113.65 ± 25.52 and 126.55 ± 34.32 mm², respectively.

Conclusion. The average surface area of the APS is not significantly different from the side of the hemisphere (p>0.05). There are significant differences in this parameter among different sexes (p<0.05). The topographic and anatomical regularity of localization of arterial trunks is revealed: they are not located on the entire surface of the APS, but mainly in the anterior and lateral quadrants. The obtained data can be used to study the anatomy of the human brain and in the development of new surgical interventions in this field.

The aim of the study was an experimental investigation of morphological changes in the cornea of rabbits with different areas of thermal damage of the limb.

Material and methods. The work was carried out on 150 eyes of 75 rabbits, 60 of which comprised the experimental group and 15 – the control group. Damage to the limbus was carried out by diathermocoagulation using apparatus “eye diathermocoagulant DK-1”. Rabbits were withdrawn from the experiment at 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. Reparative histogenesis in the cornea of the rabbit eye was studied using survey histological and immunohistochemical methods.

Results. The results of the study showed that the nature of the reparative processes in the anterior epithelium of the cornea differs significantly depending on the degree of damage to the limbal zone. If the ¼ area of the limb is damaged in the anterior epithelium of the cornea, the mitotic activity of the epithelium is activated in the preserved limb region. If the ½ area of the limb is damaged, these changes are more pronounced and persist for a longer time. When ¾ of the area of the limb and the entire limb is damaged, pronounced destructive changes occur in the anterior epithelium of the cornea, thickening and dilatation of the stroma, and a buildup of the conjunctiva on the cornea.

Conclusion. Damage of the quarter and half of the limb is accompanied by activation of the reparative ability of the undamaged limb, leading to epithelialization of damaged corneal areas. If more than half of the limbal region is damaged, activation of the proliferative activity of the epithelial cells of the limbic zone is insufficient to completely restore the damage to the cornea In this case, the regeneration of the anterior epithelium of the cornea occurred both at the expense of the cambial cells of the undamaged part of the limb, and due to the growth of the epithelium of the conjunctiva to the lesion zone. The obtained results confirm the significance of the limbus in the reparative histogenesis of the cornea.

The purpose of this study was to identify general principles for the organization of bone structure of the pelvic limb stylopodia of Bos taurus taurus  as part of the biomechanical link of phalangeal tetrapods, features of the structure of the femur, inherent in animals with high weight.

Material and methods. We conducted an osteometric study of the femurs of 40 animals with subsequent statistical processing of data and the conduct of multivariate factor analysis. After determining the parameters of descriptive statistics, without finding a normal distribution, we have calculated the confidence intervals of the relative values for each structure, and also to compare the drugs of the right and left sides, the Wilcoxon test was calculated for p<0.05. The maximum likelihood factor analysis was performed using the rotation of Equamax normalized with the determination of the factor load factor for each structure studied separately for drugs on the right and left sides.

Results. As a result, differences in the structure of contralateral bones were determined. The presence of a latent morphofunctional asymmetry of the structure of the bones of the proximal segment of the hindlimb of the bull with a clear motor differentiation of the left femur, which is not determined by the methods of descriptive statistics, is revealed.

The aim of the study was to study morphometric and topographic-anatomical features lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the human pancreas.

Material and methods. On autopsy material obtained from 15 corpses of persons aged 31 to 60 years, the features of the lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the pancreas were studied. The method of injection with Gerot mass, morphometric and general histological methods was used in the work.

Results. It is established that the lymphatic pathways of the pancreas form around the lobules and follow the course of the excretory ducts and blood vessels. It is shown that the regional nodes of the pancreas are pancreatic, pyloric, pancreatoduodenal and splenic. The key role in formation of the transverse collector of lymph in the upper floor of the abdominal cavity plays the efferent vessels of the pancreas.

Relevance. Despite the fact that surgical anatomy organs of the neck is investigated by many scientists and surgeons since ancient times, the study of the structure of this region in our time opens a new interesting and amazing facts in the morphology of the human body.

Material and methods. In the course of the study, 426 not embalmed corpses of persons who died from acute pathology, not related to the neck organs, were studied.

Results. The infrahyoid muscle can be considered as an independent neck muscle, if it has its own independent point of origin and attachment, different from those of a number of located muscles, and also it must be covered with its own fascia (80% of the detected additional muscles). The muscle was considered a derivative (20% of detected additional muscles) at their common place of origin or attachment with the well-known infrahyoid muscles. Among the organocomplexes studied, 290 belonged to the male (68% of observations), died at the age from 18 to 83 years. The examined female subjects were 136 (32% of observations), who died at the age of 17 to 85 years (52±16). It was found that the incidence of additional muscles of the infrahyoid area was 41.78% and in people of the opposite sex – the same often.

The aim of the work was an attempt to establish the regularities of the transition of normal age-related changes to pathological ones that determine the prevalence of degenerative diseases of the spinal column in persons of working age, economic costs and low effectiveness of treatment. The article analyzes results of foreign and domestic studies on the problem of intervertebral disc morphogenesis in humans. In this case, ontogenetic features of each intervertebral disc components are separately examined. The generalized results of cartilage endplate studies reflect the histological accessory and age-related changes in the cellular component. In the section «the ontogenesis of annulus fibrosus» features of cellular composition, structural characteristic and peculiarity of collagen fibers course in posterior and anterior parts of annulus fibrosus are described in detail, depending on the age, beginning with the embryonic period. In addition, there are differences in the structure of annulus fibrosus in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. The ontogenetic features of nucleus pulposus concern the collagen fibers and their location, taking into account the age and the spinal column. Various views on the origin of the cells of the nucleus pulposus, changes in the cellular composition in the process of organism development are set forth. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the presented theoretical material, schemes reflecting the key stages of intervertebral disk embryogenesis as a whole and the morphogenesis of nucleus pulposus have been developed.

In the structure of gynecological incidence adenomyosis occupies one of the leading places (12–50%) and occurs in women of reproductive age. However, the disease is diagnosed in late (III–IV) stages of development, on the material of hysterectomies. Diagnosis of adenomyosis at its early stages is possible taking into account the assessment of the status of the junctional zone of the uterus, information on which in the literature is little and contradictory. The position of the generality of the pathogenetic factor for adenomyosis / endometriosis syndrome advanced by a number of researchers in which the prevalence of hypertrophy of smooth junctional zone myocytes leads to the development of adenomyosis, and the invasion of the endometrium into the junctional zone to endometriosis suggests the involvement of this zone in the development of adenomyosis. It becomes obvious that knowledge about the structural and molecular organization of the junctional zone can be useful for optimizing the early clinical diagnosis of adenomyosis.

The article is dedicated to the outstanding Russian scientist, doctor of medical sciences, professor, academician of the Russian academy of medical sciences Semyon Aleksandrovich Sarkisov. The scientific activity of S. A. Sarkisov, his role in the creation and functioning of the Brain Institute of the Russian academy of medical sciences, and the development of neuroscience in our country are considered in detail.