The aim of the study is to identify the morphological patterns in testicles of white rats exposed to vapors of epichlorohydrin and their correction with thiotriazoline. Material and methods . The study was performed on 90 white male rats which were introduced into the experiment at the age of 12 weeks with an initial weight of 130-150 g. The treatment and manipulations with the animals were carried out according to the recommendations "About legal, legislative and ethical norms and requirements in the performance of scientific morphological studies". Results. The exposure of the body to epichlorohydrin vapor in a concentration of 10 mg/m³ causes destructive changes in the testes structure, leading to oligo and azoospermia. The use of thiotriazoline on the background of inhalation, as a corrector of morphological changes, is accompanied by a smoothing of the negative influence of the toxicant on the testicles’ structure, which promotes restoration of its structure and function.

The aim of the study was to study the replacement mechanism of the therapeutic activity of umbilical multipotent stromal cells in a model of liver regeneration after subtotal resection in rats. Material and methods. The work was performed on rats of outbred Sprayg-Dowley rats, which reproduced the model of liver regeneration after subtotal resection - removal of 80% of the liver mass. Cell cultures were obtained from rat umbilical cord intervascular tissue by explant culture. Their identity as multipotent stromal cells was confirmed by observations of characteristic morphology, adhesive properties, robust clonogenic growth on untreated plastic, specific surface antigen expression profile, and differentiation capacities to the osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic phenotype. The multipotent stromal cells of the third passage were labeled with PKH26 transplanted into the regenerating liver during liver subtotal resection. Differentiation of the transplanted cells was subsequently evaluated with fluorescence. Results. Multipotent stromal cells differentiation was assessed with antibodies to hepatocyte-specific marker cytokeratin 18 (CK18), cholangiocyte-specific protein CK19, smooth muscle cell-specific protein α-SMA, the endothelial cell marker CD31, or the active fibroblast marker FAPα. It was shown that the injected cells did not express the hepatocyte marker - cytokeratin 18, cholangiocyte marker - cytokeratin 19, as well as smooth muscle cells - alpha smooth muscle actin, single cells expressed endothelial cells marker - CD31. Conclusions. Thus, the differentiation of multipotent stromal cells is not the leading mechanism of cell activity in conditions of liver regeneration after subtotal resection.

The aim was to study morphological and immunohistochemical features of mammary glands tumor tissue in women with fibroadenomas. Materials and methods. The study used biopsy specimens of mammary gland tissue tumor sites of 58 patients operated on for mammary fibroadenoma. For light-optical examination, the material was fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin and Buen's liquid. After standard histological wiring, the material was poured into paraffin-celloidin. Preparation of serial sections with a thickness of 5-7 micrometers was carried out on a rotational microtome of MPS-2. The dewaxed sections were stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin. The preparations were studied using light microscopy with the Optika B-350 microscope (Optika, Italy) and DCM500 camera. For the immunohistochemical study, antibodies from Thermo Scientific (USA) were used: ER, PR, Ki-67, smooth muscle actin. Results. It was revealed that benign tumors occur on the background of mammary glands benign hyperplasia. In proliferative form of fibro-cystic disease, foci with an excessive content of steroid receptors are formed. Examination of Ki-67 expression allowed to determin the amplification of Ki-67 expression in the tissue in the proliferative form of fibrocystic disease. There was a high expression of smooth muscle actin in non-proliferative and moderate degree of proliferative mastopathy forms. In the case of a proliferative form of fibro-cystic changes of a high degree, the expression of the smooth muscle actin was weaker. Conclusions. High expression of the proliferation marker of Ki-67, estrogen receptor and progesterone in the proliferative form of fibrocystic changes in the tumor tissue is an unfavorable predictor of the disease. Markers that determine the favorable course of the disease are high expression of smooth muscle actin.

The aim is to study the structural characteristics of the colonic glands of adults in conditions of long-term use of vegetarian food. Material and methods. Macro-microscopy was used to study the colonic glands (Lieberkun crypts) of the corpses of four people aged 60-89 years old, who for a long time adhered to a predominant vegetarian diet. Macro-microscopic indices were studied on total colon preparations, microanatomical - after manufacturing paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin, according to van Gieson, according to Grimalius. Statistical processing of data included the calculation of arithmetic meanings, their errors. The reliability of the differences was estimated by the method of confidence intervals. Results. The analysis revealed significant structural and quantitative features of the glandular apparatus of the colon under conditions of preferential vegetarian nutrition: in comparison with the normative indices (comparison group), the number of glands in the area of 1 mm² in the walls of the blind and ascending colon was increased 1.3 times, the transverse colon 1.4 times, descending colon - 1.5 times, sigmoid - 1.4 times and rectum - 1.7 times. Regardless of the type of food (in both groups of observations), the number of glands, the length of the gland, the amount of epithelial cells on its longitudinal cut decreases in the proximally-distal direction, i.e. from the caecum to the rectum. Conclusion. The analysis revealed a much better development of the glands of the colon with vegetarian food than with its mixed type, which is manifested by a large number, size of glands, the number of epithelial cells in the glands wall.

The aim is to study the frequency of portal vein’s structure variants occurrence according to computed tomography, to evaluate the role of anatomical variations in preoperative planning. Material and methods. The material was the results of computed tomography of 100 patients. DICOM format data were downloaded to the “Avtoplan” system, developed at the Center for Breakthrough Studies of the SamGMU “Information Technologies in Medicine”, to build segmentation and 3D-modeling in the planning of operations and the implementation of virtual interventions. Classifications of T. Nakamura (2002) and P. Krumm (2011) were used to determine the type of portal vein fission and the type of confluence. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that the most common type of portal vein division according to T. Nakamura classification is type A (49%), a classical type of vein’s division into right and left trunks. The most common type of confluence is the C (36%), when the inferior mesenteric vein draining into the superior mesenteric vein. The obtained data can be used by radiologists and surgeons in the planning and implementation of surgical interventions on the organs of hepatobiliary system.

The aim is to study the constitutional-anatomical characteristics of the placenta in women, using an integrated approach, taking into account age and ethnicity. Material and methods. The object of the study was 295 placentas, received from puerperas with normal (physiological) full-term pregnancy, proceeding without complications and burdened obstetric anamnesis. The use of mathematical methods of discriminative analysis makes it possible to reduce samples to identify factors which has the greatest influence on the variability of species. When constructing the sample distribution in the two-dimensional factor space, gravity centers were identified that corresponded the analyzed factors to certain age cohorts, national groups or to their totality. Results. In general, conducted analysis showed that the dynamics of placentas morph metric parameters reflects a number of fundamental general biological patterns. Increase the number of births is accompanied, on one hand, by a general tendency to increase the linear and volumetric characteristics of the placenta, and on the other hand, an increase in the proportion of pathological changes in the placenta: infarcts, calcinates, etc. In this case, the variability was due to the constitutional characteristics of representatives of the Kyrgyz nationality of the hypersthenic physical type. At the same time, attention is paid to the increase in the proportion of pathological changes in the placenta, regardless of the national group in the cohort under the age of 20 and in the asthenic type of build, as well as among the primiparas. It can be assumed that this is due to a certain physiological immaturity of the organism of young primogenitors or insufficient hormonal supply, more characteristic for women-asthenics.

The aim of the study was to study the features and asymmetry of the uterus blood channel. Material and methods . The study was performed on 140 uterine preparations of women aged 16 to 80 years who did not have an internal genital pathology at the autopsy. X-ray anatomical and morphometric methods of investigation were used. Results . It was established that, in both nulliparous and congenital women, the diameter of the uterine arteries was 43% larger in the right, 30% in the left, and almost the same in 27% of cases. The relative content of arteries of the uterus in each age group is much larger in women giving birth than in nulliparous women; in 46.4% of cases it is more in the right half of the uterus, in 30.8% in the left half and in 22.8% of cases it is almost identical on both sides. Outflow from the venous network of the right divisions of the uterus has advantages, since it is carried into the iliac vein, and from the left - to the left renal vein; the diameter of the uterine vein predominates on the right side. Conclusion . The morphological asymmetry of the uterine blood channel is manifested by differences in the diameter of the right and left uterine arteries and veins, as well as the relative content of arteries of the uterus of the right and left halves of the uterus. It can be assumed that the morphological asymmetry of the vascular bed of the uterus is associated with the development of an organ from paired Mueller ducts.

The aim of this study was to interneuronal synapses and mitochondria somatosensory cortex (SSC), CA1 of the hippocampus and the central nucleus of the amygdaloid complex (MC) of the brain of albino rats (n=35) after a 20-minute bilateral occlusion of common carotid arteries. Material and methods. Used electron microscopy, morphometric and statistical methods. Ultrathin sections were contrasted by uranyl acetate and analyzed by lead citrate, and phosphonoformate acid. Results. After 3 days after ischemia the total number density of contacts (TNDC) in the SSC declined by 55.2, CA1 hippocampus - 44.8, and MC - 26.7%. The restoration of TNDC in SSC and CA1 of the hippocampus to control levels occurred in 21 and 30 days, and in MC - in 14 days. Deficit TNDC in the postischemic period depended on the number of synapses and square slices of mitochondria per unit field of view in the studied parts of the brain to ischemia (norm). Conclusions. The smaller the number of synapses and the larger the area of mitochondria in normal, the less damaged synapses after ischemia.

The aim of the study is to determine peculiarities of arcuate line topography. Material and methods. 30 unfixed corpses of persons of both sexes without signs of the anterior abdominal wall were examined. The preparation of the anterior abdominal wall with the determination of the position of the arc-shaped line along the median line in relation to the umbilical ring and the upper margin of the pubic symphysis was performed at autopsy. Results. In the analyzed sectional material arched aponeurotic vagina of the rectus abdominis most often located below the umbilical ring (93%) in the region of the upper third of the segment connecting the lower edge of the umbilical ring and the upper margin of the pubic symphysis (50%). It is also shown, that in females, the arched aponeurotic vagina of the rectus abdominis relative to the umbilical ring was located much lower (5.4±0.8 cm), compared with males (3.5±0.7 cm). The data obtained can be used in planning of muscular-aponeurotic flap of anterior abdominal wall in reconstructive surgery.

The aim is to study microcirculation in the skin tissues regenerate using Doppler ultrasound. Material and methods. In an experiment on laboratory white female rats, the effect of the angiovascular drug Neovasculgen on the repair of a full-thickness skin wound was studied. To assess the state of the microcirculatory bed of the regenerating granulation tissue of the regenerate, the ultrasound computerized device Minimax-Doppler-K was used. The processing dopplerograms obtained average systolic blood flow linear velocity, the mean systolic volumetric blood flow rate were calculated pulsation index, peripheral resistance. The data were processed by nonparametric statistics. Results. With the use of an angioactive drug, the volumetric flow velocity is increased, indicating a better blood supply in the area of the regenerating wound. The average systolic linear velocity of blood flow also increases, which is associated with vascular reduction. The indicators of the index of pulsation and peripheral resistance are reduced. Data on the linear and volume velocities of the blood flow made it possible to reveal elevated, in comparison with the control, indicators of the total cross-section of microvessels and the amount of blood entering the region of the regenerate under conditions of stimulated angiogenesis. Conclusion. Doppler examination allows to evaluate the course of all stages of the healing process, in the screening mode to monitor the microcirculatory bed in the regenerate area, to predict and correct the healing process.

To study systematic organization of the femur Orycolagus cuniculus - was produced osteometric study of the femur 40 carcasses of domestic rabbits, as a tetrapod with different types of locomotion. Material and methods. Osteometry was carried out according to the original methodology, further statistical analysis of the contralateral femur was performed for isolated preparations of the right and left side. All absolute values of the linear structures were converted to relative values, per unit of measurement adopted by the transverse size of the diaphysis of the bone. It is revealed that the methods of descriptive statistics do not allow to reveal differences in the structure of the contralateral femur of the rabbit. Results. Factor analysis was conducted consistently to a depth of four-three-two-one factor based on the lateralization stylopodia bones of the pelvic limbs revealed General settings experiencing equivalent factor loadings in both groups of bone drugs. The results of correlation and factor analysis discovered the asymmetry of the systematic organization of the femur, with the predominant movements of greater amplitude of the left pelvic limb of a rabbit.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of patients with renal pathology. A high percentage of disability, along with a high cost of treatment, make this problem significant. In the course of this study, an analysis was made of full-text and abstract versions of articles that covered aspects of variant anatomy of the arteries of the kidney. The search for these articles was carried out on the electronic database PUBMED for the following key words: “kidney”, “renal artery”, “multiple arteries of kidney”. The variety of anatomical variants of the renal arteries is important for the clinician in performing such procedures as kidney transplantation, interventional radiological studies, and also allows for more safe and efficient operations on the kidney vessels. Medical diagnostics today has modern technological methods that allow visualizing the arteries of the kidney with high accuracy. The article compares the characteristics of instrumental methods, allowing to evaluate the possibility of visualization of additional kidney vessels. The questions of the prevalence of multiple arteries of the kidney are discussed, on the basis of which it was established that renal arteries variability can reach 75%, an evaluation of the terminology of the renal arteries, and the specific features of the formation of renal arteries. The growing needs of modern transplantology and medical science in general put before scientists many new questions, including: an increase in the number of kidney transplantations in conditions of deficiency of donor organs; expansion of the criteria for organ donation of the kidney. The presence of these problems, indicates the need for further research in this area.

The article presents the life path and scientific heritage of the outstanding Russian anthropologist and anatomist, Professor Viktor Valerianovich Bunak. The main scientific directions and contribution of professor V.V. Bunak are described in the formation of the national anthropological school.