The purpose of the study is assessment of enzymes’ activity and localization in bone marrow cells after autotransplantation. Material and methods. Experiments were performed on 40 male mice that underwent bone marrow autotransplantation. Under ether anesthesia 1 ml of bone marrow was extracted from mice epiphyses, then were diluted in 2 ml of isotonic solution, after that 1 ml of obtained suspension was injected into the caudal vein of the same mice. Smears and imprints were produced and studied using Glenner’s histochemical method to identify monoamine oxidase, using Gomory’s method for acid phosphatase and for succinate reductase in bone marrow cells using H. Laborit method. Statistical processing of the material was carried out in the program «Statistica 6.0». Results. In 40 min after autotransplantation an increase in enzymatic activity in mast cells, granular, some hematopoietic bone marrow cells is noted, with significant increase observed in mast cells and granular cells. Two types of cells are identified: endocrine-like and one of macrophagal types. There is an increase in acid phosphatase in some hematopoietic cells with macrophagal properties. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase increases, indicating elevated activity of oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in increased production of ATP, the energy supply of bone marrow cells is carried out. Conclusion. It is revealed that in some bone marrow cells autotransplantation results in increased activity of enzymes: monoamine oxidase, succinate reductase and acid phosphatase.

The purpose of the study was to compare the phagocytic activity of macrophages of monocytic origin both without activation and under the influence of factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype. Material and methods. Peripheral blood monocytes and Kupper liver cells of male Wistar rats were obtained by gradient centrifugation. The Kupffer cells and rat monocytes were transferred to RPMI growth medium. To activate in the direction of the M1-phenotype, LPS and IFN-γ were introduced into the medium. To activate the M2 phenotype, IL 4, IL10, and IL 13 were added to the medium. The obtained macrophage cultures were stained with antibodies to CD68. To study the phagocytic activity of macrophages, the cells were placed on plates for intravital microscopy and latex beads were added to the culture medium. Results. The macrophage cultures of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells expressed CD68 at a high level, the addition of activation factors did not change the expression of the marker. 1 hour after the addition of latex particles to the culture medium, unactivated monocytic macrophages statistically significantly absorbed particles more than Kupffer cells. Activation by factors of the M1 and M2 phenotype led to an increase in the phagocytic activity of both macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells. The most activating effect on phagocytic activity was provided by induction factors of the M1 phenotype. Conclusions. For macrophages of monocytic origin and Kupffer cells, a different dynamics of phagocytic activity is characteristic. Monocytic macrophages initially have a more pronounced absorption capacity, which gradually increases during the experiment. For Kupffer cells, a sharp fluctuation of phagocytic activity is characteristic: rapid growth and rapid saturation.

The aim of the study was to study the linear parameters (length and width of the diaphysis) of metacarpals (MB) in males of Tajik nationality permanently residing in Tajikistan in the age aspect, as well as establishing the possibility of using linear MB parameters to determine the age of the examined. Material and methods . An examination of 117 X-rays was carried out in males of Tajik nationality aged 6-17 years living in Kanibadam in Tajikistan. The length of the MB, the width of the diaphysis of the MB were studied on the radiographs. The relationship between the length and width of the MB diaphysis with age was determined using the Pearson's parametric correlation coefficient - «r» and the nonparametric correlation coefficient - «rs». Comparison of the results with the size of MB in St. Petersburg residents was made. Results. Morphometric examination showed that in boys in Tajikistan, the length of the MB and the width of the diaphysis of the MB significantly increased with age, which is confirmed by the data of the correlation analysis. Dependence of the length and width of the MB on age is described by the linear regression equation, which is an analytical solution to the question of the nature of the dependence of the length and width of the MB diaphysis and the age of the examined. The presence of differences in the size of MB in different age periods was found in boys in Russia and Tajikistan, especially at the age of 14 years. Ethno-territorial differences are more often expressed in the width of the MB than in the length. Conclusions. It was established, that the correlation between the age of the examined and the length of the MB is closer than between the age and the width of the MB diaphysis. To determine the age of the examinee, it is better to use the MB length parameters than the width of the MB. The highest reliability in determining the age of males in Tajikistan from the data obtained was determined according to the length of MB II, and the lowest index was the width of the MB V diaphysis.

In modern practical health care a large aspect is occupied by PRP-technology, the which effect is provided by growth factors located in alpha granules on the platelet membrane and responsible for the regeneration of connective tissue. The purpose of this study was a morphological assessment of reactive changes in periprosthetic tissue in PRP-technology application. Material and methods . The study was carried out on laboratory rabbits. Experimental animals were divided into two groups of observations - control and experimental. The endoprosthesis was implanted into the anterior region of the abdominal wall. Autoplasma enriched with platelets was injected after implantation under the endoprosthesis twice into experimental animals. A site with an endoprosthesis material was excised for a morphological study. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, according to Van Gieson, and Mallory methods, an immunohistochemical study was performed. The results of the morphometric study were processed using the Statistica v. 8.0. Results. In the experimental group the onset of the proliferative phase of inflammation occurred at an earlier time and provided the formation of a mature connective tissue periprosthetic capsule. By the 10th day of the experiment, a double dominance of the thickness of the capsule was observed in the experimental group. The proportion of cells of fibroblastic differon accounted for 60% of all cells, which resulted in an an increase in the cellular index by 1.6 times. The proliferation index was 2 times greater at all experimental days. Conclusion. The use of PRP-technology in endoprosthetics leads to an earlier formation of a mature periprosthetic capsule, accelerates the survival of the prosthesis and reduces the risk of postoperative complications.

The study of odontometric parameters seems to be relevant for the development and improvement of new methods for diagnosis and prediction of dental diseases. The study objective is to make a comparative analysis of the size of the crowns of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws, depending on the type of face. Material and methods. Odontometric and cephalometric parameters were studied, the research was conducted on 192 girls aged 17 to 20 years. Cephalometric program included the definition of the zygomatic diameter and the upper facial height with the subsequent calculation of the facial index. The face types were determined based on the value of this index. Odontometric parameters were recorded by impressions of the upper and lower jaws. Results. Reliable differences were found: a wide type of face is associated with smaller mesiodistal sizes of the crowns of the maxillary first molars, maxillary lateral incisors and maxillary canines, as well as with a lower height of the crowns of the mandibular canines. With a narrow type of face, the opposite pattern was revealed - all the above mentioned parameters in this case are higher than those of euryens. Dimensional characteristics of teeth with a medium broad face are characterized by intermediate values between the extreme types of face. Conclusion. On the basis of odontometric and cephalometric studies, the comparative analysis of the size of the crowns of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws is given depending on the type of face. It was revealed that odontometry indicators have specific features depending on the type of face. The new data obtained as a result of the research supplement and expand already known information about the parameters studied, both in theoretical and practical aspects.

The aim of the study was to study the age-related changes in the epithelium of the end pieces of the prostate main glands, in all its structural lobules in the age range from adolescence late adulthood age. Materials and methods. Histological, morphometric methods were used to study the secretory epithelial cells of the end pieces of the main glands on prostate preparations of 77 men aged 13-88 years, on autopsy material. The histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, studied using a Leica DM-2000 microscope with a video projection system, using the Leica "LAS V3.6" application morphometric program. Shape and sizes of the secretory epithelial cells of the end pieces of the prostate main glands in pairs of anteromedial, superomedial, inferoposterior, inferolateral structural lobes (zones) were determined. To evaluate the results obtained, nonparametric methods of mathematical statistics were used (Wilcoxon W-test for comparison of two independent samples, Kraskel-Wallis H-test for multiple comparisons, Dann's test with Bonferroni amendment). Results. The differences of the morphometric parameters of secretory epithelial cells in pairs of anteromedial, superomedial, inferoposterior, inferolateral structural lobes (zones) of the human prostate within each of the studied age periods and changes of these parameters according to the age periods from adolescents to late adulthood age were detected. Conclusion. The development and growth of secretory epithelium in all structural lobules of the prostate were observed in the age interval 13-35 years, and the atrophic processes begin at the age of 36, but these changes occur asynchronously, both within one end piece of the gland and in different structural lobules. The changes of the epithelium in the prostate does not always correspond to the calendar age of men.

The aim of the study is to determine regularities of differences and changes in joint mobility in students depending on various factors. Material and methods. 100 students (50 men and 50 women) without serious musculoskeletal disorders were examined. The study protocol included 6 parameters: level of the spine flexion, angles of the wrist flexion and extension, the elbow angle, angles of the foot flexion and extension. Measurement of range of motions was performed with a goniometer. Results. In women, the movement amplitude for most of the studied parameters (the spine, the wrist and the foot flexion) was higher than in men (р<0.05). Besides, women found out to have a decrease of the movement range in the active foot extension (р=0.0006). Both men and women revealed to have the prevalence of joint mobility in the contralateral upper limb as compared with the dominant one (the wrist extension and the elbow angle, р<0.05). Conclusion. Mobility of all joints is greater on the contralateral upper extremity than on the dominant one. Mobility of most joints is greater in women than in men. When assessing the elbow angle and the level of the spine flexion (which are the complex mobility indicators of the respective departments of the musculoskeletal system), it must be taken into account that changes in the departments have a summary nature. Decreased joint mobility in young adults indicates availability of morphofunctional changes which may cause the development of degenerative-dystrophic joint diseases in future.

The aim of the study is to identify the features of body mass index (BMI) and somatotypes in young men and men of mature age. Material and methods. By methods of comprehensive anthropometry and somatotyping assessed physical development 955 men of youthful and mature ages, ethnic Kyrgyz residents in Osh and its surroundings, healthy. Morphometric processing of the obtained data was performed using statistical programs Microsoft Excel and STATISTICA package. Results. Analysis of the data indicates that the representatives of all somatotypes body length increases slightly in the transition from adolescence to the 1st period of adulthood, with a further slight decrease in the 2nd period of adulthood. The conducted researches revealed constitutional and age features of body weight. In adolescence and adulthood it in abdominal somatotype more than in thoracic 1.4 times (p<0.05), compared with muscular - 1.1 times (p<0.05) and uncertain somatotype - 1.2 times (p<0.05). BMI in adolescence and adulthood in abdominal somatotype is greater than in thoracic 1.5 times (p<0.05) than in muscular - 1.3 times (p<0.05) and uncertain - 1.3 times (p<0.05). The tendency to increase the BMI values in the transition from adolescence to the 1st period of adulthood is shown. In the 2nd period of adulthood, compared with the youth, BMI increases by 1.1 times (p<0.05), except for men of muscular type, for whom this increase is not statistically significant. Conclusion. The conducted studies have revealed a tendency to increase the BMI values in the transition from adolescence to the 1st period of adulthood. In the 2nd period of adulthood, compared with the youth, BMI increases by 1.1 times (p<0.05), except for men of muscular type, for whom this increase is not statistically significant. The presented data on the age and somatotypological specifics of body length and weight, the value of BMI, is of great interest for preventive and clinical medicine.

Experimental models of tumor formation using laboratory mice are most often used in the study of mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The line of Af mice is characterized by developing spontaneous tumors in intact animals during development. The aim of the research was to study chemical- and radio-induced carcinogenesis in lungs of mice line Af in vivo. Material and methods. The experiments were performed on mice line Af. Single exposure of irradiation of mice was performed in a dose of 1 Gy. The inhalation effect of sulfur dioxide and ammonia was carried out an hour once. The concentrations of gases in the chamber were 1 mg/m³ and 5 mg/m³. The frequency of tumor formation in the lungs of mice of this line was also analyzed at 12 and 16 months of age. The incidence of tumors (%) and the number of tumors per mouse were evaluated, histological analysis of the detected tumors was performed. Results. In the groups subjected to radiation or inhalation exposure, the proportion of animals with lung adenomas were significantly increased compared to the control group. Neoplasms in the lungs of mice in all studied groups had a similar histological structure and were classified as highly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Conclusions. The obtained results suggest that the chemical inhalation and radiation (1 Gy) effect in this experiment was the cause of genetically determined formation of tumors at an earlier age.

The purpose of this study is a comparative study of dark and light cells of cortical parenchyma of the adrenal glands in mammals using light and electron microscopy. Material and methods. Cariometric and electron microscopic studies of the adrenal glands of 9 mammalian species have been carried out: Vulpes vulpes (fox), Vulpes lagopus (arctic fox), Canis familiaris (dog), Мartes zibellina (sable), Mustela vison (mink), Enhydra lutris (sea ape); Castor fiber (river beaver); Callorhinus ursinus (fur seal); Ovis aries (sheep). Serial paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, iron hematoxylin, Heidenheim azan, the PAS-reaction was used, the color of the trichrome-PAS and the tetrachromium-PAS. RNA was detected by the reaction of Brashe and gallocyanin by Einarsson. For the detection of lipids, frozen sections were stained with Sudan III + IV, Black Sudan. The number of dark and light cells in the cortex of the adrenal mink in different seasons was determined. On electron micrographs, the amount of lipid droplets and mitochondria in the fascicle of the adrenal cortex was counted. Results. In the cortex of the adrenal glands of mammals, dark and light cells are present. Dark cells, as far as accumulation of sudanophilic substances are converted into light cells, which with further accumulation of lipids undergo destructive changes. Also found are the dark dying cells of the adrenal cortex, characterized by densification of the cytoplasm, pycnosis of nuclei, accumulation of yellow-brown pigment. Dark cells have larger nuclei, give more intense reaction to RNA and ketosteroids and are more active secretory cells compared to light adrenocorticocytes. Electron microscopy in dark cells reveals a large number of mitochondria and a significant amount of lipid droplets are present. Light cells contain many lipid inclusions and few mitochondria.

Objective : to determine the content and distribution in the tissues of the skin of various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) against the background of the local action of the supernatant of the titanium nickelide alloy, to reveal the positive effect of the substrate on the dynamics of the formation of the regenerative process. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 25 Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus, Waterhouse, 1839). In stages 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, an overdose of sevoran anesthesia followed by decapitation was used to take the skin flap. The material was processed and poured into paraffin according to the standard conventional procedure. Histological sections were stained with alcian blue with a pH of 1.0 and 2.5, according to Tenzer-Unna. To determine the content of nickel and titanium cations, the electron-probe analysis method applied to the skin grafts taken in all experimental groups was used. Results. the increased accumulation of GAG in the dermis of the control group of animals occurred for a period of 21 days, while in the experiment their maximum was reached already by 14 days. Variations in GAG content in the epidermis and derivatives are associated with a change in the proliferative and biosynthetic activity of the cells of these structures at different periods of the experiment. Given the negative charge of sulfated aminoglycans and the hydrophilic base of the supernatant, penetration of the base metal cations of the supernatant into damaged tissues was detected by scanning microscopy. Conclusions. The reparative processes with the supernatant of the titanium nickelide alloy are more intensive, due to the limitation of the destructive process within the epidermis and the dermis, the reduction of purulent necrotic complications in the healing process, the interaction of nickel and titanium anions and cations in mineral and water metabolism. This ensures an earlier occurrence and uniform maturation of the young connective tissue, epithelization with normalization of cell proliferation and differentiation processes.

The relevance of the search for new pathogenetic mechanisms of non-developing pregnancy is due to the high incidence of the disease and the lack of a downward trend, despite the current reabilitation measures. The purpose of the study: to substantiate approaches оf rehabilitation therapy patients with non-developing pregnancy, based on the data on the quantitative and qualitative composition of macrophages in their decidual tissue. Material and methods. The decidual tissue of patients with non-developing pregnancy and patients who terminated pregnancy at their own will was studied. Macrophages were determined using mouse monoclonal antibodies (Anti-CD68 antibody [KP1], #ab955, dilution 1:200) and rabbit monoclonal antibodies (Anti-CD163 antibody [EPR19518], #ab182422, dilution 1:500) using multiple immunomarkation technique. Results. In missed miscarriage, the number of macrophages is increased twice as compared with physiological course of gestation. Changes in the ratio of macrophages M1 and M2 in the direction of increasing the number of the first. The maximum number of CD68+ cells, as well as macrophages with simultaneous expression of differentiation factors CD68 and CD163 is determined in non-developing pregnancy accompanied by deciduitis. Conclusion. Decidual macrophages participate in the pathogenesis of non-developing pregnancy by increasing their number and changing the polarization vector along the classical pathway of activation, characterized by the active production of рro-inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules by cells, participation in the implementation of t-helper immune reactions of type 1. Pathogenetically justified the appointment of drugs that can reprogram the macrophage response in patients who have undergone non-developing pregnancy as part of complex rehabilitation therapy.

The purpose of the study was to identify morphological features of the pelvis of Azerbaijani women. Material and methods. The osteological collection from the museum of the anatomy department of the human anatomy department of the Azerbaijan Medical University (total 78 female pelvis, aged 16 to 60) was studied. On each anatomic preparation of the bone pelvis 15 pelviometric signs were studied according to the standard standard procedure. The results were recorded in an electronic database in Microsoft Excel (version 2007), where the necessary statistical calculations were performed. Results. According to the results of osteometry, three forms of the pelvis are distinguished: normal shape, uniformly dense shape, and transversely restricted pelvic shape. Parameters of 42 objects were assigned to the normal form. Basins with a transverse diameter of less than 11.8 cm. and the transverse diameter of the exit of the small pelvis is less than 10.5 cm. were assigned to the transversalized forms of the pelvis; There were 18 such objects in the collection. The remaining objects had osteometric characteristics that differed from the average values were attributed to the uniformly constricted forms of the pelvis. The maximum parameters of the parameters were noted in the group of normal cans, and the minimum ones in the group of uniformly-compressed pelvis. The narrow pelvic forms were characterized by low values of pelviometric traits, and for normal ones - high indices. Conclusions. The revealed features of the pelvic dimensions are planned to be used for the development of appropriate anthropometric standards.

The purpose of the study was to identify the structural features of the small glands of the vestibule vagina with some anomalies in the development of internal genital organs. Material and methods. Glands of the vaginal vestibule of 18 newborn girls with internal genital anomalies were examined histologically using light microscopy. The comparison group consisted of 10 cases of newborn girls without pathological changes in the urogenital apparatus. After separation of the vestibule from the surrounding structures from the organ wall, longitudinal fragments were cut out, which were fixed in formalin and, after posting on alcohols, an increasing concentration was poured into paraffin. Sections 5-7 microns thick were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by Van Gieson. Craigberg reaction was also conducted. The digital data obtained during the study were subjected to statistical processing. Results. The analysis showed that, in norm, the small glands of the vestibule of the child's vagina at the time of birth are capable of active secretion. In newborn girls with anomalies of the uro-genital system, the thickness and area of the initial section, the number of initial parts, the area of the initial part on the cut, the number of glandulocytes in the initial part of the glands decrease. There is an increase in the lumen of the common gland duct. Conclusions. Normally, small glands of the vestibule in the newborn are fully formed. With anomalies of the internal genital organs, significant destructive changes in the glandular apparatus of the vestibule are revealed. In contrast to the norm, the initial parts of the glands on the longitudinal sections are deformed. The thickness and area of the initial section decreases, the number of initial parts, the area of the initial part on the cut, the number of glandulocytes in the initial part of the glands.

The most common method of caries treatment is the restoration of composite materials in connection with which, the problem of breaking the edge seal of composite restorations remains very relevant. In this regard, the undoubted interest of practicing dentists causes the possibility of widespread clinical application of modern remineralizing agents, in particular, brushite crystals. This substance has unique adhesive properties and tropicity to crystals of hydroxyapatite surface enamel. The principal mechanism of action of the RemarsGel system is the chemical reaction that occurs when calcium nitrate is mixed from tube No. 1 with ammonium hydrophosphate from tube No. 2, resulting in the formation of a brushite crystal on the surface of the teeth. The basis for obtaining scientific data was a contingent of 168 patients and 30 removed for various medical indications of teeth. Analysis and interpretation of the results obtained was carried out in vivo: an assessment of the clinical efficacy of the performed restoration according to the Ryge criteria immediately after treatment and 1, 12 and 24 months after treatment and in vitro - scanning electron microscopy and laboratory transillumination spectroscopy were used immediately after treatment and 12 and 24 months after treatment. On the basis of the results of the conducted studies, the high efficiency of the brushite crystals has been established in terms of prevention of integrity disorders of the enamel-composite compound, which has a direct and direct impact on the quality of the restoration. These results are confirmed by a complex of clinical and laboratory research methods, using high-tech methods and an automated approach to the study of the problem. In addition, taking into account all the above, we consider it necessary to add to the list of basic indications for use another scientifically valid indication of the target application of the system - in the presence of a significant amount of adhesive in the oral cavity both direct and indirect restorations.

The review summarizes, analyzes and systematizes the literature on the effect of the development of the microcirculatory bed in the area of skin damage on the nature of repair with spontaneous wound healing, and also under the influence of various physical, chemical and biological factors. It is shown that the microenvironment, the leading role in which belongs to microvessels, controls the dynamics of the recovery process and has a direct relationship to the formation of regenerate.

The article presents the data of study of the effectiveness of various combinations of histochemical staining to determine the co-location of mast cells with a fibrous component of the connective tissue of Wistar line laboratory rats skin. The best results are obtained with combination protocols such as metachromatically detection of mast cells in combination with the impregnation with silver or picrofuchsin, brilliant green coloring with the methodology of Van Gieson or picrofuchsin, and aniline blue neutral red. The proposed variants of histochemical protocols can be used to analyze the participation of mast cells in the remodeling of the cell matrix of tissue microenvironment in the development of adaptive and pathological processes. The obtained results contribute to the expansion of currently available scientific ideas about the laws of the process of fibrillogenesis in the extracellular matrix and provide new data on the targeted participation of the components of the mast cell secretome in the molecular mechanisms of fiber formation.

Electron microscopic examination of B cells of pancreatic islets of the pancreas in dogs with normal (n=10) and impaired glucose tolerance (n=10) was performed. Ultrastructural features of the organization of insulin cells associated with an increased requirement of the hormone in the body with the latent form of diabetes mellitus are established. In B cells, signs of functional tension due to unregulated secretion, manifested by the expansion of endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, Golgi complex hypertrophy, an increase in the number of immature secretory granules and vacuoles in the cytoplasm are revealed in B cells.