The aim is to show the regulatory significance of promoter organs of morphogenesis in a stable state of the kidneys of vertebrates (fish, birds) and humans. Material and methods. 118 embryos at stages 12-23 of Carnegie (SC) and 28 human fetuses of 9-12 weeks of fetogenesis, 268 embryos of meat chickens (cross "Hibro PG +") from the stage of 48 hours to 20 days of broiler egg incubation, 50 fry of peled Coregonus peled were studied (Gmelin, 1788) at the stage of yolk sac atrophy (stage 36-37 according to the classification of Detlaf, 1975). To study the method of light microscopy, the material fixed in a 10% neutral form, embedded in paraffin. Sections stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin, McManus CHIC method. Ki-67, CD31, CD34, positive cells are detected by immunohistochemistry. Primary kidney examination by low-vacuum electron microscopy. Embryos and human fetuses are observed in the Tyumen health care facility during medical abortion on demand in anamnestic healthy women with their warning about emergency work. Observation chicken embryos at the poultry farm “Tyumensky Broiler”, incubation workshop (Kaskara village, Tyumen region). Morphometric analysis and statistical processing of the actual material were carried out. Results. It was shown that the organotypic differentiation of the intermediate mesenchyme and the formation of nephrons of the provisional and definitive urinary organs control the state of the mesonephric duct and metanephritic diverticulum. The mesonephric duct initiates the organotypic antibiotic of the perifocal intermediate mesonephric mesenchyme and detects the proximodistal vector of saltatory mesonephronogenesis. The metanephritic diverticulum and its daughter branches initiate the organotypic differentiation of the intermediate mesenchyme and control the fan mechanism of metanephronogenesis. Activity of nephronogenesis Determination of the dynamics of convergence of immunocompetent cells. The absence of ventrodorsal generation of mesonephrons in humans is associated with a significant vital cycle of a normal kidney, atrophy of the mesonephric duct, and a decrease in the activity of immunocompetent cells. An increase in the expression of CD31, CD34, Bcl-2, Ki-67 positive cells is realized in combination with the formation of nephron rudiments as the promoter organs move in the developing organ of urinary formation. Conclusion. Prenatal organogenesis monitors and constantly monitors the formation of promoter organs of morphogenesis - the mesonephric duct and the metanephric disserticulum. Organotypic infection of the intermediate mesenchyme during the development of fish, birds and humans correlates with the chronovector of the convergence of immunocompetent cells.

The aim of the study is to assess the cellular composition of rat thymus when isolated administration of selenium, urethane and combined exposure to two factors. Material and methods. The study was performed on 34 male Wistar rats, which were divided into 4 groups: 1 – intact, 2 – rats, which received selenium only for 1 month, 3 – animals, which were injected once intraperitoneal urethane, 4 – rats with combined selenium and urethane action. Histological preparations of the thymus were prepared according to generally accepted methods and further evaluated by the method of review microscopy, morphometry, immunohistochemical reactions, electron microscopy, statistical processing of data. Results. Ninety days after selenium, the rat thymus structure is slightly different from intact animals. The introduction of urethane leads to the development of excitation involution of the thymus, which is characterized by morphological changes, and manifests itself in a change in the shape of the organ lobes, in the expansion of the intercole gaps and in the fat tissue thereof, hyperplasia of the cortical substance of the thymus by increasing the number of mature lymphocytes, epithelial cells positive to pancytokeratin. At the ultramicroscopic level, the thymus lymphocyte decreases its nuclear-cytoplasmic index, and increases the number of mitochondria that have a light matrix with a small amount of crystal. Apoptotic bodies and a large number of electron-transparent vacuoles are visualized. When combined, the thymus structure differs from the intact group by an enlarged brain substance, but the number of epithelial cells that are positive to pancytokeratin and Ki67+-cells, as well as cells that express apoptosisregulating protein, decreases. Electron microscopy also indicates a large amount of mitochondria, but with welldefined crystals, when combined with selenium and urethane. There are a small number of electron-transparent vacuoles. Conclusion. The obtained data make it possible to draw a conclusion about the positive influence of the exchange rate of selenium on the T-cell link of immunity, at least for this period of study. In the course of the experiment, it was found that, against the background of the development of the adenoma of the lung caused by the introduction of urethane, at the stage of alveolar epithelium dysplasia signs of excitant thymus involution were detected. When selenium and urethane are combined, less pronounced changes are observed in the examined organ than in the isolated administration of urethane.

The study of anthropometric indicators and body composition of various categories of the population makes it possible to monitor physical development, conduct health assessments and timely development of preventive measures. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the dynamics of indicators of the component composition of the body of military university cadets during the training period from 1st to 6th year. Material and methods. 387 male cadets (the same persons) were examined during the period of their studies in 1-6 courses. The component composition of the body was studied using bioimpedance measurements. Results. It has been shown that during the first two courses of study (persons 17-18 years old) there is an increase in muscle mass of the trunk by 13.8%, muscle mass of the upper extremities - by 11.4% and lower extremities - by 6.1%, which is explained by the presence intense physical activity. Moreover, during the first year of study, a slight increase in the fat component of the body is determined (5.4%). In the third and fourth years of study, there is a stabilization and slowdown in the growth of the formed muscle and fat masses of the trunk and limbs, characteristic of the transition period from adolescence to adulthood. These trends continued to increase throughout the 5th year of study, but the level of basal metabolism did not change significantly throughout the study. In the 6th year, in relation to the time of admission to university, a general increase in the muscle component of the torso was established by 17.2%, muscle mass of the upper extremities - by 15.8%, and lower extremities - by 9.6%. Over 6 years of study, the fat content in the torso increased by 8.2%, the fat mass of the upper and lower extremities - by 7.5% and 8.0%, respectively, and the level of visceral fat increased by 9.3%. The vital volume of the lungs increased by 12.2% compared to the beginning of the 1st course. Conclusion. The above transformations are obviously due to the continued growth of a healthy organism. Reduced adaptive changes during the training period can be corrected by increasing physical activity, diet and caloric intake.

The aim was to study the size and density of neurons and glial cells of the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus (LTN) in vascular dementia (VD), which is the second most common dementia. Material and methods. The density of neurons and glial cells, the cross-sectional area of nuclei, nucleoli and perikarya of LTN neurons were determined in patients with VD (n=10) and in the control group of individuals (n=10) who did not have any neurological or cognitive dysfunction. Comparison of indicators between groups was carried out using ANOVA and Student's t-test. Results. In VD cases all of the studied morphometric parameters of neurons and their density were decreased by within 20% (p<0.02). An increase in the neuroglial index by an average of 27% (p=0.04) was also noted. Сhanges in the size of neurons and nucleoli were observed regardless of the gender of patients. However, a decrease in the neuronal density (p = 0,008) and an increase in the neuroglial index (p=0,03) were noted only in the group of female patients. Conclusion. VD leads to a decrease in the metabolic activity of neurons of the hypothalamus and of the lateral tuberal nucleus, in particular. Moreover, a part of LTN neurons dies inducing a compensatory and adaptive increase in the population of glial cells. Thus, some late manifestations of VD, such as asthenia and increased exhaustion, may be caused, at least in part by a decrease in the neuronal activity and reorganization of intercellular interactions in the LTN.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of changes in the optical density of bone tissue of the first rib and the base coracoid process of scapula in men of different ages without signs of osteoporosis depending on chest shape. Material and methods. The study was performed on tomograms of the chest of 191 men aged from 20 to 70 years. Measurements on tomograms were carried out in the axial plane using the RadiAnt program. The scans measured the optical density of the first rib tubercle, the distal bony part of the first rib, and the base of scapula coracoid process. All measurements were taken in men randomized by age and chest shape. The results of osteometry were processed by statistical methods. Results. The chest shape determines age-related changes in the optical density of bone tissue. In individuals with intermediate and transverse chest shapes, a decrease in the optical density of bone tissue at the base of scapula coracoid process begins to appear at the age of 30–50 years. These changes are most pronounced for the base of coracoid process, regardless of the chest shape, at the age of over 50 years. A decrease in the optical density of the first rib tubercle manifests over the age of 50 years in individuals with intermediate and transverse chest shape. In individuals with a gracile chest shape, the optical density of the bone structure is more stable. The tubercle of the first rib, along with the base of coracoid process, can serve as a prognostic area in the diagnosis of systemic osteoporosis in individuals with transverse and intermediate chest shape. Conclusion. A deterministic approach to the described indicators of changes in the optical density of bone tissue of the first rib and scapula in individuals with different chest shapes, according to SCT tomograms, objectively helps to predict and subsequently verify the manifestations of osteoporosis. The dependences we have identified on changes in bone tissue density and in the structure of correlations between the studied parameters of the first rib and the coracoid process indicate pronounced somatotypic variability, which must be taken into account when developing restorative treatment and predicting the course of orthopedic diseases in people of different age.

The paper highlights the study results related to the structural features of the thyroid gland (TG) based on ultrasound examination findings and their relationship with somatotypological parameters in young men living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Since diagnosis of thyroid pathology is associated with ultrasound examination, advanced information about the regional features of the anatomical standad parameters of the thyroid gland remains an acute research and practical issue. The aim of the study was to identify the morphometric parameter features of the thyroid gland during ultrasound scanning and the nature of their relationship with the somatotype in young men living in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), indigenous and non-indigenous ethnic groups. Material and methods. The study involved total 195 males, aged 17-21, who were divided into groups depending on indigenous and non-indigenous ethnicity. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements of 10 parameters, followed by determination of the somatotype according to Heath-Carter. To determine the linear dimensions and volume of the thyroid gland, the ultrasound diagnostic option was used. Results. As stated, representatives of the mesomorphic somatotype predominate among young men of the indigenous ethnic group; representatives of the ectomorphic somatotype predominate among young men of the non-indigenous ethnic group. A comparative analysis of ultrasound morphometry revealed significantly larger values of the total volume of the thyroid gland, due to an increased thickness and volume of the right lobe, as well as the thickness, width and volume of the left lobe in young men of the non-indigenous ethnic group, compared with young men of the indigenous ethnic group. When comparing the thyroid volume with the identified distribution of somatotypes according to Heath-Carter, statistically significant differences were registered in representatives of the mesomorphic somatotype: in young men of the non-indigenous ethnic group, the volume was 2.1 cm3 greater than in young men of the indigenous ethnic group. Conclusion. Thus, the obtained findings related to linear parameters and thyroid volume evidence their relationship with ethnicity and somatotype.

This paper presents a literature review evaluating the possibilities of using anthropometry and anthropometric indices at the present stage of development of science and medicine, taking into account a personalized approach to predicting life and health indicators of various population groups. To prepare this review, an analysis of the literature of the PubMed database within 2022–2023 was carried out using the keywords “anthropometry”, “body mass index”. 44 of the 643 sources cited, were included in the final version. The use of body mass index appears to be a cost-effective, relevant and simple method for application in scientific research, preventive and clinical medicine and a personalized approach to solving a wide range of problems.

Biometric studies in nulliparous women conducted to date are limited by small sample sizes. The pelvic floor muscles perform an important function throughout a woman’s life. They provide fixation and maintenance of the pelvic organs, stretches during childbirth, ensuring the formation of the birth canal, and are a potential site for the formation of a hernia in the female body. Impaired function of this muscle group can lead to either excessive muscle contraction (chronic pelvic pain syndrome) or excessive stretching (pelvic organ prolapse). The purpose of the study is to assess the morphometric properties of the pelvic floor muscles in nulliparous women using 3D ultrasound scanning (sonography). Material and methods. The observation group consisted of 60 women of middle reproductive age who applied for an appointment with an obstetriciangynecologist with complaints of pain of various types localized in the perineum and pelvis, decreased desire and quality of sexual life, clinically confirmed by a diagnosis of incompetence of the pelvic floor muscles. The control group consisted of 30 women without dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles according to clinical examination. The main criterion for inclusion of patients in the study was reproductive age - 18–45 years and natural childbirth in obstetric and gynecological history. Results. We found that the absence of visible sonographic markers of changes in the myofascial structures of the pelvis is not a prognostically significant criterion for muscle dysfunction, since predominantly changes in morphometric parameters are a reliable sign of the formation of pelvic floor muscle failure. Conclusion. The ultrasound morphometry method, which allows one to assess dynamic changes in the size of muscle and fascial structures, can be used in the clinical practice of an obstetrician-gynecologist. Early diagnosis of a violation of the structure of pelvis myofascial complex will allow early implementation of measures aimed at prevention and timely treatment.

Academician A.P. Avtsyn and Professor G.G. Avtandilov are generally recognized world authorities in pathological anatomy. Alexander Pavlovich Avtsyn is known as an outstanding scientist, a famous community health administrator, an active public personality, a wonderful teacher, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences and a laureate of the USSR State Prize, the founder of the Research Institute of Human Morphology, which was later given his name. Georgy Gerasimovich Avtandilov is an outstanding scientist and educator, a prominent specialist, professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Doctor of Kabardino-Balkaria and Honored Scientist of the RSFSR and the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, as well as an academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. G.G. Avtandilov specialised in the field of pathological anatomy, mainly in morphometry. The paper describes details of their contribution to the development of pathological anatomy, from both a fundamental and practical point of view. Unique methodological approaches developed by G.G. Avtandilov and A.P. Avtsyn, which are used today by numerous scientists, are presented by the authors. In addition to the scientific life of two outstanding researchers, the article highlights important events from their biographies.

The reviewed book is the first volume of the three-volume textbook “Human Functional Morphology” (Vol. 1 – Viscerology. Vol. 2 – Nervous system and sensory organ system. Vol. 3. Musculoskeletal system and cardiovascular system) and describes morphofunctional features of the human internal organs based on an interdisciplinary approach at the macroscopic, tissue, cellular and subcellular levels. The first volume of the textbook consists of 9 chapters, each of which represents a separate system of the human body. The description of each organ contains signs of the sources and course of development, their morphofunctional features are given, and issues of blood supply, innervation and functional significance are considered. The textbook will be useful for university students of medical and biological specialties, and can be used as a fundamental guide to human morphology by doctors of diverse specialties, biologists and embryologists.

In February 2024, Professor Ivan Vasilyevich Gaivoronsky, Doctor of Sciences in Medicine, the prominent Russian morphologist, Head of the Department of Normal Anatomy at S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, celebrated the 70th anniversary. Ivan Vasilyevich was born on February 2, 1954 in the town of Kadievka, Voroshilovgrad region. In 1979, he graduated with a gold medal from S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy; within its walls, he came a long way from an adjunct to the Head of the Department of Normal Anatomy, which he has headed for more than 35 years. Ivan V. Gavoronsky is a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Scientific Medical Society of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists and Chairman of its St. Petersburg branch, a member of the Coordinating Council responsible for the field of education “Health and Medical Sciences” and its educational and methodological commission in anatomy and anthropology, Chairman of the dissertation council in the specialties Anatomy and Anthropology, Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, created at S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. Professor Ivan V. Gaivoronsky focused his attention on the development of modern aspects of the collateral circulation issues, the state of various parts of the vascular bed under normal conditions and under the influence of various extreme factors, innovative technologies for preparing and preserving anatomical sections for educational purposes, medical craniology, the study of individual and typological features of the human body, applied issues, dictated by the needs of practical medicine, the history of anatomy, and the improvement of the educational process in the departments of morphological profile. He created a scientific morphological school, which trained 11 doctors and 60 candidates of medical sciences. For significant contribution to the development of Russian science and modernization of the educational process, Professor IvanV. Gaivoronsky was twice awarded the Russian Government Prize in the field of education; he was awarded the honorary titles “Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation” and “Honored Figure of Russian Higher Education”, academician of the Russian Military Medical Academy, Honorary Doctor of the Russian Military Medical Academy; he was awarded the Order of Honor and a medal of the Order for Merits to the Fatherland, II degree.