The problem of aging of the human body and the prevention of age-associated diseases in modern scientific literature is devoted to many studies. Researchers are showing increased interest in the aging of the cerebellum. Purkinje cells, which form the ganglionic layer of the cerebellar cortex, are considered to be very sensitive to various influences.

The aim is to reveal the morphofunctional features of the Purkinje cells of the human cerebellum in the senile age in comparison with the young age.

Material and methods. Morphological study of the cerebellum of 59 men and 52 women, right-handed, with anamnestic data that excluded diseases and injuries of the organs of the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as alcohol or drug addiction, was carried out during autopsy. The material for the study was taken from the region of the inferior semilunar lobule of the cerebellum. The studied material was divided into two groups: group I (n=59) included samples obtained from 31 men and 28 young women (from 25 to 32 years old inclusive), group II (n=52) – from 28 men and 24 women of senile age (from 79 to 88 years inclusive). We used general and neurohistological, immunohistochemical and morphometric research methods. Morphological assessment of Purkinje cells was carried out and the distance between their bodies was determined. An immunohistochemical study used a panel of antibodies to the S-100 protein.

Results. A comparative analysis of the data obtained showed a statistically significant predominance of the distance between the bodies of Purkinje cells in the elderly compared to the young. Immunohistochemical study revealed an increase in the number of S-100-immunopositive Purkinje cells in old age.

Conclusion. New data have been obtained on the age-related structural transformation of the cytoarchitectonics of the human cerebellar nervous tissue, which must be taken into account when studying age-associated diseases and movement coordination disorders.

The aim of the study was to identify the features of the somatometric parameters of Yakut men in the youthful and second period of adulthood according to Heath–Carter.

Material and methods. 167 young men and 41 men of the second period of mature age of the Yakut nationality were examined. The examination included anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance analysis of the body BMI and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated. Somatotyping according to Heath–Carter was carried out on the basis of ecto-, meso- and endomorphic scores, which are included in the bioimpedancemetry protocol. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the SPSS 17.0 application package. The normality of the distribution of parameters was determined by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov criterion. Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated, and intergroup differences were assessed using Student's t-test.

Results. The study revealed age differences in terms of length, weight and body composition. Significantly large values of body length, relative parameters of skeletal muscle mass and active cell mass were found in young men. Mature men had significantly higher body weight values, absolute and relative indicators of fat mass, absolute values of active cell mass. According to BMI, overweight was detected in 6.6%, obesity - in 3.0% of young men. Among men of mature age, overweight was determined in 54.2%, obesity - in 27.0%. A high index of the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference was found in 4.8% of boys and 58.5% of men. The distribution of somatotypes according to Heath-Carter revealed that young men in 100% of cases had a mesectomorphic somatotype. In mature men, the mesectomorphic type was also the predominant somatotype (95.8%). In 4.2% of men of mature age, a balanced ectomorphic type was determined. The absence of variability in body types suggests that the mesectomorphic somatotype is the most adapted to living in the extreme natural and climatic conditions of Yakutia.

The aim of the study was to determine the temporal sequence of structural and functional reorganization of hair follicles in the skin of C57BL/6 mice after anagen induction.

Material and methods. 30 male mice of the C57BL/6 inbred line were used for the study. Anagen induction was carried out by depilation of the hair shafts of the skin of the back. Mice were withdrawn from the experiment on the 1^st, 5^th, 9^th, 15^th, 19^th, 28^th days after anagen induction. Skin samples of the depilation area were fixed in buffered neutral formalin and examined using survey microscopy, morphometry, immunohistochemistry, and statistics.

Results. The study of the morphological picture from the 1st to the 28^th day after anagen induction showed that cyclic changes in the thickness of the dermis, subcutaneous adipose tissue and the structure of hair follicles occur in the skin. On the 1st day after anagen induction the synchronous entry of hair follicles into the anagen stage I was observed: hair follicles were completely in the dermis, had a rounded dermal papilla, above which, towards the epidermis, there was a proliferating follicular epithelium in the form of an expanding and elongating strand . On the 5^th day, morphological signs corresponding to the stage of anagen III b were observed: hair follicle bulbs were located in the upper third of the subcutaneous tissue. The dermal papillae looked friable and enlarged, around their upper pole there was a zone of melanogenesis, a hair shaft and an internal root epithelial sheath being formed. The morphological changes on the 9^th and 15^th days corresponded to the anagen stage VI: the tips of the pigmented hair rods emerged from the funnels of the hair follicles to the surface of the epidermis, the hair follicles were located deep in the subcutaneous fatty tissue, reaching the subcutaneous muscle. The hair follicles had a narrow dermal papilla, a zone of melanogenesis, and the forming hair shafts had regular pigmentation. A pronounced thickening of the dermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue was noted. On the 19^th day, the hair follicles were in the catagen VI phase: two-row bag-like structures were observed, forming capsules of the secondary hair germ). They surrounded the keratinized brush-like depigmented proximal ends of the hair shafts. Hair follicles with a rounded dermal papilla were located in the middle of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The dermal papillae were separated from the capsule of the secondary hair germ by a cord of follicular keratinocytes. Proximal to the dermal papillae, elements of the connective tissue sac were visible. On the 28^th day, corresponding to the telogen stage, the hair follicles were located completely in the dermis, had a rounded, dense dermal papilla, which was adjacent to the germinal capsule. On the 19^th and 28^th days after anagen induction, a decrease in the width of the dermis and subcutaneous fat was noted.

Conclusions. Thus, during the cycle of the hair follicle, its stage-by-stage remodeling and the change in the thickness of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, dependent on this process, take place. The following time sequence of the structural and functional reorganization of hair follicles was determined: on the 1st day after depilation, the hair follicles were synchronized in the anagen I stage, on the 5^th day – anagen IIIb, on the 9th and 15^th days – anagen VI, on Day 19 – catagen VI stage, on day 28 – telogen stage.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the functional morphology of the ciliary transport system of the fallopian tubes of sexually mature rats under the influence of chronic low-intensity γ-radiation.

Material and methods. Using a complex technique of intravital microscopic observation, the motor activity of the ciliary apparatus was studied. The frequency of the main types of epithelial cells in the layer was determined on histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. There was also determined morphometry of digitized images of cell structures (cell height, length of cilia) of the epithelial lining of the fallopian tubes of 16 female Wistar rats subjected to experimental chronic γ-irradiation for 55–70 days (total absorbed doses – 5 cGy and 50 cGy) and 8 control animals that were under natural background radiation.

Results. The epithelium of the fallopian tubes in the control and experiment in rats contains three types of cells: ciliated, secretory and intercalary (cambial). Compared to the control of the irradiated rats the average height of ciliated cells and the length of cilia were decreased by 30% and 23%, respectively, at a total absorbed dose of 5 cGy and by 16% and 13% at 50 cGy (p 18% (p recorded, while the dimensional characteristics of secretory cells did not significantly differ from the control (p>0,05).

Conclusions. The effects of chronic low-intensity γ-radiation on the epithelial lining of the fallopian tubes can be clearly manifested at the level of physiological reactions of cells; irradiation at a minimum dose of 5 cGy is already capable of causing atrophic rearrangements and dysfunction of the ciliated epithelium. The results obtained indicate a high radiosensitivity of the studied tissue elements and make it possible to consider chronic ionizing radiation as a potential risk factor disrupting the structure and function of the epithelial lining of the organ.

The aim of this study was to study the morphofunctional changes in human skin with acneiform dermatoses.

Material and methods. We studied the material obtained from 6 volunteers of both sexes aged 26 to 64 years. All subjects had signs of acneiform dermatoses. Pathologically changed areas were studied in comparison with normal skin in the same patient. The subjects were anesthetized and a piece of skin 3×3 mm² in size was taken with the punch biopsy. After standard histological sample preparation, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The counting and morphometry of skin cell structures was carried out, the presence of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, vacuolized keratinocytes and their remnants in 6 fields of view in 3 histological slides from each patient was determined from each patient under an Axioskop 2 microscope with a ToupCam TP108500A camera and ToupView software (ToupTek , China). The criterion for the degree of destructive changes in the collagen fibers of the dermis was the determination of their thickness.

Results. The morphological structure of the skin in acneiform dermatosis is characterized by a significant increase in the thickness of the spinous (93,7 [82,30; 96,35] microns), granular (28,4 [22,48; 34,44] microns) and corneum (37,8 [25,32; 46,24] microns) layers of the epidermis compared to the norm (66,1 [58,30; 69,42] microns; 6,2 [5,96; 6,63] microns; 10,6 [9,81; 11,26] microns, respectively). Near the sebaceous-follicular complex, inflammatory lymphohistiocytic infiltrates were found in the dermis, represented by lymphocytes (9,5±2,2 units p.f.v.), neutrophils (2,2±0,8 units p.f.v.), eosinophils (17,2±4,0 units p.f.v.), erythrocytes outside the vessels (6,8±1,1 units p.f.v.), vacuolated keratinocytes (22,1±5,7 units p.f.v.) and keratinocyte remnants (15,1±2,4 units p.f.v.) . The number of cells in the infiltrate significantly differed from the norm. On histological preparations of patients with acneiform dermatosis, thinning of the collagen fibers of the dermis (6,0 [4,79; 8,13] microns) was observed compared to unaffected skin (10,4 [10,01; 10,67] microns).

Conclusions. Morphological changes in the skin with acneiform dermatosis are manifested by hypertrophic processes of the epidermis, thinning of the collagen fibers of the papillary dermis, the presence of leukocyte infiltrate and a violation of the integrity of the basement membrane of the sebaceous glands. These changes can lead to disruption of the integrity and functioning of the histo-hematic barrier of the skin and an increase in the area of spread of the inflammatory process.

Breast asymmetry is a polyetiological condition, which may be caused by congenital characteristics, developmental abnormalities, hormonal changes, traumas or surgery. The estimation of breast symmetry should be performed by the plastic surgeon while planning the augmentation or reduction mammoplasty as well as reconstructive surgery. Breast asymmetry is a widespread condition, according to some reports, it can be found in more than half of women. Anthropometric methods, as well as radiology methods, are used to diagnose and estimate breast asymmetry. There are many classification systems of breast asymmetry. The first ones were based on breast appearance or etiology of asymmetry, while modern classifications combine morphologic and etiologic principles. Today there is no conventional diagnostic protocol for breast asymmetry, where it would be listed, which breast parameters should be measured during breast asymmetry estimation. The first attempts were made in the middle of the XX century. Works of Penn, Smith and Westreich are considered to be basic in this field. Generally, relationships between major breast soft-tissue reference points (nipple, areola, submammary fold, lateral border) and bone structures (breastbone, jugular notch, clavicle) are estimated.

Mathematic formulas for counting breast volume depending on its linear measurements were developed as well. Nowadays the importance of skeleto-muscular system state (the presence of scoliosis or rib cage deformation) estimation is emphasized, while these conditions can also cause breast asymmetry.

The aim was to evaluate the indicators of physical development and quality of life in students of M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU).

Material and methods. The study involved 755 students of NEFU. at the age of 17–20, Mongoloid and Europeoid races, among which there were 273 (36.16%) girls and 482 (63.84%) boys. The studies were conducted on the basis of voluntary informed written consent. The survey included the determination of anthropometric parameters, assessment of the quality of life and questionnaires. Identification of the main characteristics of students' health was carried out through a medical examination.

Results. An analysis of morphological indicators revealed differences in the physical development of students of the Mongoloid and Europeoid races of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In the analyzed groups, there were significant differences in body length depending on race. The highest indicators of body length are determined in persons of the Europeoid race, the smallest values - in students of the Mongoloid race. The study of quality of life indicators found a decrease in the psychological component of health among the respondents, due to the lack of readiness of the components of the professional and personal perspective and the inability to carry out psychological regulation of their behavior, which serves as an obstacle to their adaptation to independent living. At the same time, the indicators of the physical component of the health of the examined students remain, in most cases, within the normal range.

Conclusion. Analysis of the results of the study of the physical development of NEFU students indicates that representatives of the Mongoloid race living in the territory of Yakutia are characterized by growth below average, low density, and a small body surface area compared to representatives of the Europeoid race. The level of physical development in most of the examined persons is assessed as average, and in 37.2% of students the functional state of the circulatory system is characterized by tension in the mechanisms of adaptation, which may be due to the adaptation of the body to new living conditions.

The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of peripheral non-small cell lung cancer, which served as a source of a xenograft tumor, and tissues of the third generation of a tumor that developed in animals.

Material and methods. We used 19 athymic BALB/c nu/nu mice, which were intraperitoneally injected with 1×10⁶ CD8+ after sublethal irradiation in accordance with the humanization protocol. The transplantation of a tumor obtained from a 64-year-old patient was carried out three times consecutively. Samples of the original and xenograft tumors were automatically stained with hematoxylin and eosin, rabbit anti-CK7, anti-TTF, and anti-Ki67 antibodies. The evaluation of histological samples was carried out in accordance with the WHO recommendations (2015).

Results. It has been established that a third-generation tumor developing in the body of athymic humanized mice retains the morphological and immunohistochemical features of the patient's original tumor. The described approach may be used in preclinical and personalized studies in fundamental pharmacology and molecular oncology.

The work is devoted to the analysis of reactive changes in ghrelin-producing endocrine cells (HPEC) in the main areas of production of this regulatory peptide – in the stomach and hypothalamus during modeling of psycho-emotional stress and after replacement therapy. Reactive HPECs in experimental post stress disorder models have not previously been specifically studied. Meanwhile, the practice of modeling stress to establish the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions suggests the feasibility of obtaining new and informative criteria for assessing the degree of its impairment and therapeutic effect.

The purpose of the study was to establish quantitative features and reactive changes in the GPEC of the stomach and hypothalamus in a model of psychogenic stress.

Material and methods. We studied paraffin sections of the hypothalamus and the mucous membrane of the cardial part of the stomach in four groups of mature male rats. The first group (n=5) consisted of intact rats. The rest of the animals were subjected to a single emotional stress. In the nostrils of animals of two experimental groups (n=5 in each), 12 hours after stress, 20 μg of a solution of ghrelin (GHRL, Tocris, Gr. Brit.) and a peptide antagonist of ghrelin receptors ([D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, Tocris, Gr. Brit.). On the 4th day, animals were selected for the main control group (n=5). The number of endocrinocytes in the lateral part of the nuclei of the arcuate complex was counted over an area of 0,01 mm2, in the fundic glands of the stomach – over an area of 0,015 mm2; the area of endocrinocyte bodies was determined using the Imagescope program (Electronic analysis, Russia). The median, upper and lower quartiles, and the significance of their differences in the compared groups (using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney test) were measured using the GraphPad PRISM 6.0 program (GraphPad Software, USA). Differences were considered significant at p<0,01.

Results. During a short-term experience of psychogenic stress, the number of viable gastric and hypothalamic HPECs decreased by 2,5 and 3,8 times (respectively; p<0.001), and their body area decreased by 1,5 and 1,6 times (p<0,001). Pharmacological methods of correction did not significantly affect these parameters of HPEC (p>0,05).

The article presents the history of the foundation and development of the department of human anatomy of Dagestan State Medical University on the eve of its 90th anniversary. The authors present historical data on the contribution of morphologists who stood at the origins of the department, and on current employees – academic teachers and educators of future generations of followers. The department of human anatomy of Dagestan State Medical University maintains scientific, creative, educational and methodological relations with the leading departments of anatomy in Russia and other countries. At present, the department of human anatomy of Dagestan State Medical University is developing an actual scientific scope: the influence of dehydration and sanatorium-resort and balneological factors on the morphology of the structures of the lymphatic system and lymphoid organs. Scientific plans and pedagogical innovations will undoubtedly find a worthy embodiment in the activities of the department of human anatomy of Dagestan State Medical University.

The article is devoted to the life, medical and scientific work of Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Ippolit Vasilievich Davydovsky, a pathologist, an outstanding teacher and organizer of healthcare, the founder of the national philosophy of medicine. In the work of this scientist, four historical periods are distinguished, differing in their content, influence on health care and medical thinking. The article was based on previously unpublished documents kept in the personal fund of I.V. Davydovsky, located in the Scientific Archive of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, which open up new facets of the scientist's personality, his relationship to pathological anatomy and the methodology of medical knowledge. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the loss of some achievements of the Soviet model of organizing the provision of medical care associated with the name of Academician Davydovsky, his contribution to science and practical healthcare remains relevant for choosing the direction for the development of domestic medicine.

The issues of liver regeneration have long been the sphere of scientific interests of both domestic and foreign scientists. In the presented scientific monograph of A.V. El'chaninov, T.Kh. Fatkhudinov “Regeneration of the liver of mammals. Intercellular interactions” modern data on liver regeneration, obtained as a result of the use of highly informative research methods, are reflected. The monograph consists of an introduction, 8 chapters and a conclusion summarizing a large amount of information on fundamental and applied aspects of liver regeneration. This scientific study presents current information on the cytological and molecular genetic mechanisms of reparative histogenesis in the liver. The monograph under review undoubtedly is highly commendable and is of interest for practical medicine, and can also be used as a textbook by students of medical universities.

This article provides information about the past forum in the Tver State Medical University of leading morphologists in Russia and neighboring countries. During the conference dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Dmitry Vasilievich Bazhenov, 4 reports were made at the plenary session, 18 reports within the section "Experimental and Clinical Morphology", 10 reports at the section "Reproductive Medicine" and Embryology", 13 reports at the section "Young Scientists", and 30 poster presentations were also presented.