The aim of the study was to perform regression modeling of the physical status of the Russian population from 1917 to 2017 and to build a prognostic model until 2035.

Material and methods. The methodological approach was based on the methods of correlation and regression analysis, namely, on the construction of linear regression models. Data collection was based on the archival historical documents. Statistical data were processed using SPSS and Excel. The significance level was assumed to be 0.05.

Results. The basic regression models for each of the studied parameters were formulated in the study. In accordance with the given regression models, the authors made a forecast for all the studied parameters up to 2035.

Conclusion. This method can be considered as a promising methodological tool in the study of the dynamic series of relevant parameters in identifying not only the tendency, but also the hidden oscillatory component of the series.

The purpose of this research was to study characteristics of the mast cell (MC) secretome of the skin of the lower extremities in patients with trophic ulcers of various etiologies.

Material and methods. The study included patients with venous, arterial and neurotrophic ulcers, as well as patients with the normal skin of the lower extremities. Skin specimens were stained by toluidine blue using histochemical techniques and Romanowsky–Giemsa staining; immunohistochemical protocols were used to detect MC tryptase and chymase, including the technology of multiple immune-labeling. Skin sections were studied using a ZEISS Axio Imager.A2 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany).

Results. In the skin of patients with chronic arterial and, especially, venous insufficiency, the number of protease-containing MCs and chymase expression in the skin increased compared with the similar indicators of the skin without pathological changes. Activation of the protease secretory pathways in MCs was manifested by the release of separate tryptase and chymase-positive granules, and by the formation of granule-containing fragments of the cytoplasm. The group of patients with neurotrophic ulcers was characterized by the most expressed growth in the volume of the MC population in the skin with the increase of their size, activity of the secretory pathways and signs of polymorphism. Infiltration of the skin by MC spread into the epidermis with intensive secretion of proteases into the area of tight junctions and the intercellular matrix of the basal and spinous layers.

Conclusion. MC specific proteases in chronic ulcers of the lower extremities of various etiologies may be used as an informative marker of inflammatory progression degree in the skin not only for diagnostic purposes and monitoring the effectiveness of the performed therapy but also as a promising target for pharmacological agents.

The aim of the study was to identify reactive and adaptive changes in the lungs of rats under the longterm exposure to sodium tetraborate.

Material and methods. The study included male rats which were administered sodium tetraborate in dosage of 1/30 LD50, intraperitoneally, daily. The study samples (lung fragments) were selected for histological examination in 7, 14, 21 and 30 days from the beginning of the experiment.

Results. Long-term exposure to sodium tetraborate resulted in a complex of destructive changes in the air-conducting and respiratory parts of the lung. Leukocyte infiltration in the connective tissue and epithelium of the bronchial and alveoli wall, focal destruction of the bronchial epithelium and alveoli, growth of the connective tissue in the organ interstitial were observed with underlying edema, stasis of blood corpuscles in capillaries, focal destruction of the capillary wall. The study revealed alveolocyte wall thickening and growth and sclerosing of the connective tissue in the interalveolar spaces; this appears to be the morphological equivalent of the increased thickness of the aero-hematic barrier and deterioration of the gas exchange in the alveoli. The increased proportion of the bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue mainly presented by the lymphoid tissue of the diffuse character and less rarely by the lymphoid follicles was registered in the wall of the medium bronchi.

Conclusion. The results have proven the negative impact of sodium tetraborate on lung structures and demonstrated the adaptive capacity of the lungs, their ability to maintain the necessary structural-functional characteristics under the extreme destabilizing factors effect.

The aim of the study was to clarify the morphological and functional changes in the liver under the effect of sodium tetraborate.

Material and methods. Morphological and functional characteristics of the liver of white outbred rats under single and long-term exposure to sodium tetraborate were studied using histological, histochemical, immunocytochemical and morphometric methods. Experimental animals were divided into 2 groups. Animals of the first group once intragastrically administered sodium tetraborate at a dose of LD50, animals of the second group daily for a month administered sodium tetraborate at a dose of 1/10 LD50. Animals of the first group were removed from the experiment a day after the introduction of sodium tetraborate, animals of the second group – 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after the start of the experiment.

Results. Both single and long-term exposure to sodium tetraborate in the liver lobules marked multiple focal death of hepatocytes, microcirculation, bile stagnation in the biliary tract. The degree of damage and death of hepatocytes increases from the periphery to the center of the lobule. With prolonged exposure to sodium tetraborate in the first half of the experiment, stagnation of the blood elements in the capillaries was rare, and with an increase in the duration of the experiment (from 7 to 30 days), the proportion of intra-lobular sinusoid capillaries with stagnation of the shaped elements in them increased and more than half of the capillaries showed stagnation of the blood elements in them. Destructive changes in the liver were more pronounced when exposed to sodium tetraborate at a dose of LD50.

Conclusion. In the conditions of low concentrations of sodium tetraborate in the liver, both destructive processes and transformations aimed at compensating for damage occur. With an increase in the dose of sodium tetraborate, the adaptive capabilities of the organ are exhausted and do not compensate for the damage to the cell structures of the organ.

The aim of the study was to investigate specific clinical and morphological characteristics in biopsy specimens of the stomach and duodenum using immunohistochemical typing.

Material and methods. Biopsy specimens – 19 from the stomach and 22 from the duodenum were examined. The specimens were obtained from 27 patients with later pathomorphologically verified amyloidosis. The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, processed with the standard technique of histological tissue making and embedded into paraffin blocks. The tissue sections were stained with H&E and congo red. A broad panel of antibodies to different types of amyloidosis was used for immunohistochemical typing of amyloid deposits.

Results. In total, 41 biopsy specimen of the gastric and duodenal amyloidosis was examined. Histological findings included interstitial and vascular amyloid deposits in stomach and duodenum. Based on the results of immunohistochemical typing of 19 gastric biopsy specimens, ALλ amyloidosis was found in 7 cases, AAamyloidosis – in 6, ALλ amyloidosis and transthyretin amyloidosis – in 2 cases each, and mixed type – in 2 biopsy specimens. Among biopsy specimens of the duodenum, ALκ – amyloidosis was diagnosed in 10 cases, AAamyloidosis – in 5, ALλ amyloidosis – in 4, transthyretin amyloidosis – in 2, and mixed type – in one biopsy specimen.

Conclusion. Based on the study results, ALκ- and AA-amyloidosis were the most frequent amyloidosis types in the gastric and duodenal biopsy specimens. Immunohistochemical typing was successful in all cases, thus proving that the selected method was adequate for amyloidosis diagnostics.

The aim of the study is histological assessment of the effect of oxytocin local application on mandibular fractures healing.

Material and methods. The investigated material was the lower jaw in the fracture zone, fastened by the bone suture method, of 24 Wistar male rats 220–250 g by mass. The preparations were subjected to the same histological processing and studied in light microscope. Reactions with monoclonal antibodies were performed to identify the expression of Ki67, p56, bcl 2, caspasa 3 proteins.

Results. It was established that the dynamics of the bone-wound process in mandibular fractures and the operative fastening of fragments by bone suture is characterized by phase. Light-optical and immunocytochemical studies showed the restoration of the integrity of the damaged mandible after the fragments were fixed with bone suture through the proliferation of the cambial layer cells of the periosteum and low-differentiated mesenchymal stromal bone marrow cells. The data obtained indicate that the use of oxytocyte had an optimizing effect on reparative osteogenesis. When this occurs, the correction of elementary reparative processes of histogenesis at the level of expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes of bone tissue cells (decrease in the apoptotic dominant of osteoblasts in terms of p53 expression, inhibition of the enzyme cascade, implementation of programmed cells death in terms of caspasa 3) takes place. At the same time, the activity of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 gene and the Ki- 67 gene increased in osteoblasts and endothelial cells, which determines the proliferative component of reparative osteogenesis, increased in the regenerate.

The aim of study was to develop new methods of treatment of acute toxic hepatitis. To achieve this objective, the authors investigated dynamics of pathological changes in the hepatic tissue under acute intoxication followed by the pharmacological correction with sodium hypochlorite.

Material and methods. The study included 45 male rats that were subjected to the experimental simulation of acute toxic hepatosis. Group 1 included intact animals; group 2 included animals that were intragastrically administered allyl alcohol resulting in acute toxic hepatosis; group 3 included rats with acute toxic hepatosis caused by allyl alcohol introduction that was corrected by sodium hypochlorite; group 4 included animals with acute toxic hepatosis corrected by essentiale N; group 5 included animals with acute toxic hepatosis corrected by the combined application of sodium hypochlorite and essentiale N. On the 6th day the animals were removed from the experiment with the followed histological examination of the hepatic tissue.

Results. The introduction of allyl alcohol was accompanied by significant changes in hepatocytes expressed by dystrophic, necrotic processes and circulatory disorders of the hepatic lobules. Pharmacological correction by sodium hypochlorite, essential H, or their combination did not result in the complete histological recovery of hepatocytes; however, the degree of fatty degeneration decreased significantly under the influence of sodium hypochlorite or its combination with essentiale N.

Conclusions. The application of sodium hypochlorite as a monotherapy or in combination with essential N in acute toxic hepatitis has allowed to relieve the severity of fatty liver disease. 0.03% solution of sodium hypochlorite can be effective as both - an independent method for treating acute toxic hepatitis, and in combination with other hepatoprotectors.

The aim of research was to obtain data about “somatotypical profile” and some anthropometric parameters in young and adult males, the ethnic Kyrgyz.

Material and methods. The study included 955 healthy young and adult males, ethnic Kyrgyzs, residents of Osh city and its suburbs. To assess their physical development the authors used a method of complex anthropometry and somatotyping. Morphometric processing of the obtained data was performed using statistical programs Microsoft Excel and package STATISTICA (v. 6.0). Differences between two compared values were estimated by Student's distribution at p<0.05.

Results. The most common constitutional types in the Kyrgyz young and adult men appeared to be an abdominal (35–37%), muscular (25–27%) and indefinite (27–30%) constitutional types; thoracic somatotype (9–11%) being the rarest. The performed analysis demonstrated a tendency to increasing the diameter of the wrist and calf during the development from the youth into the 1st and then the 2nd period of adulthood; this was observed in the representatives of all somatotypes. The individual minimum and maximum values of the width of the shoulder girdle were higher in men of the muscular somatotype than in men of the thoracic somatotype regardless of their age; the same parameters had intermediate values in men of the abdominal and indefinite somatotypes.

Conclusion. The obtained data on the distribution of different somatotypes in the Kyrgyz male population and certain anthropometric parameters in the representatives of different somatotypes will contribute to the design of the national standards of physical development; the fact being significant for practical health and theoretical medicine

The aim of this study was to clarify the features of the reparative process of the rat's oral mucosa in the later periods after fractional laser treatment with an analysis of the possible involvement of mast cells and myofibroblasts in this process.

Material and methods. The samples of the oral mucosa of male Wistar rats (n=9) were used as a material for this study. Fractional laser treatment was carried out using stLase (DentalPhotonics, USA) with power P=7–10 W and pulse duration tp=100–200 ms (wavelength 980 nm). Histological sections of the oral mucosa from the control zones (unaffected) and zones treated with laser radiation were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with Masson’s aniline blue. To identify mast cells, toluidine blue was used. For the detection of blood vessels and myofibroblasts, immunohistochemical reaction to smooth-muscle α-actin was performed.

Results. On the 28th day after fractional laser treatment in rat oral mucosa the signs of incomplete repair were present. At this period in laser treated areas within the lamina propria rows of densely adjacent myofibroblasts were found. In the rows of myofibroblasts the mast cells are not visualized, while in the similar areas of the intact mucosa mast cells are present in large numbers.

Conclusion. Fractional laser treatment stimulates the prolongation of regeneration process of rat oral mucosa while formation of myofibroblasts occurs in the laser treated zone. During this process mast cells may be involved. The ability to degranulate under laser radiation was shown.

The interaction between nitric oxide (NO) and superoxides is critical in the development of pancreatitis. Previously, we reported on the up-regulation of oxidative stress and NO-synthase (NOS) in the human chronic pancreatitis and in an animal model of pancreatitis induced by pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) in rats. We have shown that oxidative stress runs ahead of NOS up-regulation, which implies that the NO enhancement in the course of pancreatitis is likely to be an adaptive mechanism aimed at maintaining the homeostatic cellular level of the bioactive NO. Here, we report on the expression of NOS and oxidative stress markers (nitrotyrosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine) in the course of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. We found that the pattern of superoxides/NO interaction in this model of acute pancreatitis is similar to that in the PDL-induced rat pancreatitis and in the human chronic pancreatitis. It means that cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis like the PDL-induced pancreatitis is a proper model for further studies of pancreatitis development in humans.

The aim of this study was to analyze the morphofunctional state of the testes of mature male rats treated with bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS).

Material and methods. The work was performed on mature male rats (n=28). Experimental animals were divided into three groups – control (intact) and two experimental ones. For two months, rats of the experimental groups received daily bisphenol A and triclosan (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) with food in the amount of 200 mg/kg. The total count of spermatozoa in 1 ml of sperm was determined with the calculation of their atypical forms, and morphometric measurements were made (the total number and area of Leydig cells with their nuclearcytoplasmic ratio). The concentrations of bisphenol A and testicular triclosan were measured by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The obtained data was subjected to statistical processing using IBM SPSS Statistics v.21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results. Differences between the comparison groups in the concentration of bisphenol A and triclosan in testicular tissues were statistically significant (p <0.001). The endocrine disruptors studied reduced the mass of the testes. A group of male rats exposed to bisphenol A showed a decrease in the total number of spermatozoa (p=0.004) with an increase in their atypical forms (p=0.014) compared with a group of intact animals. Bisphenol A and triclosan caused a decrease in the total number of Leydig cells (p=0.001; p=0.001) respectively, and a statistically significant change in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Moreover, bisphenol A led to a decrease in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of Leydig cells, whereas triclosal, on the contrary, increased its value in comparison with a group of intact animals.

Conclusion. Bisphenol A and triclosan have a negative effect on the morphofunctional state of the male testes of sexually mature rats (decrease in testicular mass, total count of spermatozoa on the background of an increase in their atypical forms, as well as a decrease in the total number of Leydig cells with a change in their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio).

he aim of study was to identify a response of the thymus CD68+ cells population to the introduction of tautomeric forms of magnesium orotate under magnesium deficiency.

Material and methods. Magnesium-deficient status in rats was simulated by furosemide loading (30 mg/kg 14 days); then the animals were injected magnesium orotate in the initial oxo-form (Magnerot©, Vervag, Germany) and hydroxy-form obtained by mechanical activation, dosage 50 mg/kg, for 14 days., The density of thymocytes and macrophages was calculated in the subcapsular zone, cortex and brain matter (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) in the thymus, macrophages were studied immunohistochemically using monoclonal CD68 antibodies (Clone PG-M1).

Results. The oxo-form of the drug was shown to lead to an increase in the number of CD68+ cells in the cortex of thymus (1.7 compared with the control) and medulla of thymus (2.3 times), an increase in the intensity of immunofluorescence (22.5%), the appearance of the thymus lobule of large CD68+cells in the cortex and the medulla part with a clearly traced intracellular localization of granules. The introduction of mechanically activated hydroxyl-form was accompanied by an increase in the number of CD68+ macrophages in the cortical area (1.5 times), and cortico-medullary partition (in 1.4 times), but did not affect the cerebral area of the thymus. The overall intensity of fluorescent staining reduced to 27.87±2.2 relative units (RU).

Conclusion. The tautomeric forms of magnesium orotate have a diverse effect on the macrophage population of the thymus: the introduction of the oxo-form is accompanied by a significant activating effect on the CD68+macrophages in contrast to the hydroxyl form having a moderate modulating effect.

The aim of study was to identify anatomical features of the vertebral column and spinal cord, as well as their relationships at the stage of the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis.

Material and methods. The research included the study and analysis of the sectional material of 20 human fetuses of both genders at the 18–21 weeks of their development. The material was obtained as a result of abortion on social indications. The complex of morphological methods such as macro-microscopic preparation, N.I. Pirogov technique of preparations of variously-planared sections, preparation of series of histotopogrammes with van Gieson’s staining was used in the study.

Results. The study has revealed that the length of the vertebral column varied from 110±4.9 mm to 122±4.7 mm in the investigated period of ontogenesis. The development of the vertebral column curvatures was observed; thoracic kyphosis being found most commonly (in 80% of cases). The transverse size of the vertebral body was larger than the anterior-posterior size of the vertebral column. There was an asymmetry of holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. The character of changes in the vertebral canal was defined, the dynamics of these changes was quantitatively described. The morphometry of the spinal cord was performed in correlation with the spinal column. The largest length of the spinal roots was registered at the level of Sc5. The study demonstrated that development of the spinal cord is subject to the rule of bilateral asymmetry: spinal roots of the same segment on the right and left sides are not always symmetrical and may have different length parameters.

Conclusion. Thus, the obtained data on quantitative morphometry and topography of the vertebral column and spinal cord at the 18–21 weeks of the human ontogenesis can be used as the anatomical basis for the developing fetal surgery and diagnostic methods.

The aim is to study the structure of the femur of conditionally healthy modern people, as part of the link of the musculoskeletal system, providing bipedal locomotion.

Material and methods. By the original osteometric method was measured 23 structures of 166 femoral  bones with full synostosis of epiphysis without evidence of bone pathology. After the introduction of the coefficient of proportionality for linear parameters and the calculation of confidence intervals for each of them, a multilevel factor analysis was carried out, separately for the right and left femoral bones by the maximum likelihood factor analysis method with Equamax normalized rotation.

Results. Four levels of the structural organization, which characterized by asymmetry of factor loadings, are identified. The parameters forming the 1st level ensure the transfer of the mechanical load along the limb axis from the head through the intertrochantcric crest to the medial condyle. 2nd level parameters provide rotational movements at the knee joint. Parameters of the 3rd and 4th levels reflecting the function of the rotation of the leg in the hip joint when upright and maintaining the vertical position of the body in the sagittal plane.

Conclusion. Thus, the human femur is a multilevel system with asymmetric participation of parameters in its formation. Femur, as part of the musculoskeletal system, has a distinct vertical structural differentiation, which is manifested in the dominance of the right limb in the implementation of the support functions at the level of the proximal epiphysis, and motor functions at the level of the distal epiphysis of the femur.

The asymmetry of omohyoid muscles was found during topographic anatomical preparation of female cadaver (using methods: anatomical preparation and morphometry) which was use in medical student’s training. The detected deviations in structure of this muscle, accordingly to many articles, have not only anatomic value but also a significant importance for clinical surgeons of different fields. The described anatomical variation of omohyoid muscle structure (the asymmetry) has some very important clinical aspects, concerning front neck region surgery. Omohyoid muscle is a reliable landmark for endoscopic examination of brachial plexus and searching for metastases in neck lymphatic nodes. In some cases, hypertrophy of omohyoid muscle can cause development of functional dysphagia and spastic torticollis.