The aim of the study was to obtain quantitative data on absolute and relative fat body mass in girls of a different constitutional type. Material and methods. By the method of bioimpedanceometry the content of body fat mass in 755 Azerbaijani girls, ranked by age into two groups: 16-17 years and 18-20 years, have been determined. The results of the study . The prevalence of girls of mesosomal (32.5-39.0% surveyed) and megalosomal (31.5-33.3%) body types is revealed. Leptosomal (18.6-24.3%) and indefinite (9.1-11.7 %) groups of constitutions are less common. According to caliperometry, the thickness of subcutaneous fat folds is maximal in girls of the mesosomal constitution, and is minimal in leptosomy. The percentage of fat component in leptosomal constitution is 1.43-1.70 times less than in the mesosomal one, and 1.47-1.66 times less than in an indefinite constitution. Up to the age to 18-20 years, the thickness of subcutaneous fat folds and the absolute content of the fat body component in the mesosomal, megalosomal and indeterminate constitutions predominantly increases, and in girls of the leptosomal constitution, it hardly changes. Conclusions. The analysis revealed a significant effect of the constitution on the severity of the fat component of the body, which was proved both by caliperometry and by bioimpedance studies. Age-related changes in the fat content of the body are also associated with the constitutional type of girls.

The aim of the investigation was to study the cytoarchitecture of area 10 prefrontal cortex of men and women in adulthood and eldery age. Material and methods. The cytoarchitectonic study was carried out on the series of frontal total сresyl violet staind sections of the cerebral hemispheres of 38 adult and eldery men and women, received not later than 24 hours after death, fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution. The thickness of cortex, associative layer III, area of profile fields of neurons in layer III, the density of neurons, total glia, the density of satellite gliocytes and neurons surrounded by them, so as glial index were counted. Statistical processing of data is performed in STATISTICA 8.0. Results. We established age-related changes of cytoarchitectonic area 10 of men and women brains: the size of morphometric characteristics is changed to a greater extent of women brain than men brain. Differences of the studied parameters of brain of elder women as compared to the mature women has been found in both hemispheres of the brain both in men brain - predominantly in the right hemisphere.

The aim was to study age characteristics of doublecortin (DCX) distribution in olfactory bulbs of rats ranging from 3 to 180 days of life. Material and methods. DCX, a marker of immunoreactive neuronal precursors, was detected on parasagittal sections with distribution for layers. The numerical density of the positive cells bodies (pcs/mm²) and their sizes were determined. Results. It was found that the DCX activity is noted in the bodies and in the processes of a part of the cells. The distribution density depends on the bulb layer and on the animal’s age. In newborns the density of positive neurons in the bulbs layers is small, then it increases, reaching a maximum in the mitral layer by 7^th and in the granular layer - by the 14^th day. In 2-month aged rats the density of neurons decreases but still exceeds the rates of newborns. The density of DCX+ cells falls to the minimum only in six-month rats. Thus, a decrease in the activity of neurogenesis according to the expression of doublecortin in the olfactory bulb in rats occurs only to the period of puberty.

The aim of the investigation was to study the role of the duodeno-jejunal transition in the development of the functional form of chronic duodenal obstruction. Material and methods. The material of the study was the results of intravital esophagogastroduodenoscopy of 98 patients without any upper gastrointestinal pathology and of 60 patients with functional chronic duodenal obstruction, 19-81 years old. For the detection of morphological changes, biopsy specimens of the mucous membrane of the duodenum and duodeno-jejunal transition were examined. Results. The principles of endoscopic anatomy of duodeno-jejunal transition in norm and chronic duodenal obstruction have been determined. The authors determined individual and age-dapendent peculiarities of duodeno-jejunal transition in form, size and its mucosal folds. The changes of endoscopic anatomy have been showed and assessed. The character and intensity of morphological changes of duodeno-jejunal transition’s mucosa have been revealed.

The aim is to study the content of the muscular component of the body in girls of different constitutions. Material and methods. 755 of Azerbaijani girls of oligosomal, mesosomal, megalosomal and indeterminate constitution, aged 16-20 years were examined. The content of the muscle component was carried out using bioimpedanceometry with the «ABS-01 Medass». Mathematical processing of data included the calculation of arithmetic mean values, their errors. Results. The absolute value in the studied population is dominated by representatives of megalosomal (266 cases) and mesosomal (259 cases) constitutional groups. An increase in the absolute content of the muscular component in 16-17 year old girls of the mesosomal, megalosomal, indeterminate constitution as compared with the leptosome group was established. 18-20 year old girls of the leptosome constitution also have a decrease in the indicator studied. This regularity is also observed when comparing the percentage of the muscular component of the body in girls aged 16-17 years of the leptosomal constitution - 1.14 times less compared to the girls of the mesosomal constitution, 1.13 - fold in the megalosomal constitution, and 1.19 - fold in the undefined constitution. In girls 18-20 years of leptosomal constitution, the percentage of the muscle component of the body, in comparison with its value in girls of the mesosomal constitution is less by 1.12 times, megalosomal - 1.12 times, indefinite constitution - 1.09 times. In this case, in the transition from 16-17 to 18-20 years in girls of all constitutional groups, the absolute and percentage values of the content of the muscle component almost do not change. Conclusions. On the basis of the data obtained, it was concluded that there are significant constitutional features, expressed in an increase in the absolute content of the muscle component in the series: leptosomal - mesosomal - megalosomal body type. In percentage terms of the proportion of the muscle component of the body weight, the highest indices were typical for girls with a leptosomal type of build and also did not depend on the age group.

The aim was to study the structural features of mesenteric lymph nodes in rats with different resistance to stress factors. Material and methods. Mesenteric lymph nodes of 40 Wistar rats with different emotional resistance, determined by the index of motor activity in the “open field” test were studied. On the basis of test’s results rats they were divided into emotionally stable and predisposed individuals. Immobilization of a rat with electrocutaneous irritation was used as an experimental model of acute emotional stress. Mesenteric lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution; the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by Van Gieson’s method. The linear dimensions of the structures were determined with an ocular ruler, planimetric ones - using a grid. Morphometric evaluation included the calculation of arithmetic mean and their errors. The reliability of the differences was determined by the method of confidence intervals. Results. The following parameters compared with the control were reduced in rats predisposed to stress: the total number of lymphoid nodules in the transverse section of the mesenteric lymph node, the length and width of the lymphoid nodule with the center of reproduction, the area of the lymphoid nodule with and without the center of reproduction, the relative content of lymphoid nodules with the center of reproduction, the length and width of the center of reproduction. In stress-resistant rats, after the indicated effects, the total number of lymphoid cells forming the lymphoid tissue of mesenteric lymph nodes almost does not change. Conclusions. Structural and functional changes of the mesenteric lymph nodes in rats under stress depends on the individual resistance of the experimental animals stress factors. They are minimal in stress-resistant rats and are most significant in rats predisposed to stress.

The aim was to study variants of arteries’ branching, beginning from the celiac trunk, in patients with various pathologies of the upper-storey organs of the peritoneal cavity with the help of medical imaging by computer simulation. Material and methods. The analysis of the results of 64 studies using multispiral computed tomography, was performed on a 64-slice tomograph Toshiba Aquilion 64 (Toshiba, Japan). More than 300 tomographic sections were obtained on each patient's examination. Computer 3D-models of vascular-organ complexes were constructed, using the software complex "Autoplan", developed by the collective of Samara state medical University. Conclusions. Visualization of the celiac trunk and organs receiving blood supply from the pool of its branches by the method «Anatomia in silico» is of great importance for fundamental morphological studies of the upper abdominal cavity. Studies significantly expand the database of 3D-atlas, used in the educational process and virtual surgical clinic, organized on the basis of operative surgery, clinical anatomy and innovative technologies department of Samara state medical University.

The aim was to study morphological characteristics of rats’ tibiofemoral joint articular cartilage using the method of multiple high-precision grinding in the simulation of experimental osteoarthritis. Materials and methods. An experimental study was carried out on 16 mature white male Wistar rats. Modeling of osteoarthritis was carried out by inserting into tibiofemoral joints of 10 rats the suspension of sterile medical talc with saline solution in the ratio 1: 5. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment after 6 and 12 weeks by an overdose of the drug "Bioveta" (Czech Republic) in a dose of 200 mg / kg of body weight. The technology of high-precision layer-by-layer sanding in combination with digital survey of thin sections and software for creating a virtual model of the original object were used in creating 3D-reconstructions. A quantitative comparative study was conducted using the "ImageJ" program. Results. 3D-reconstruction of joints devoid of spatial and color distortions were obtained, which allow to obtain both correct anatomical sections in given planes, and normals to surfaces for exact linear measurements. Quantitative indices describing the structure of the articular cartilage are described in the norm and with a decrease in the lubricative properties of the synovial fluid. The thickness of the articular cartilage was reduced by the 12th week of the experiment, while the surface factor slightly increased, which indicated partial damage to the joint surface. The obtained RGB-profiles of digitized images of articular cartilage of the rat tibiofemoral joint allowed to reveal on 3D-reconstructions new early signs of articular cartilage degeneration during experimental reproduction of osteoarthritis.

Objective. To study the role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of NSAID-associated liver damage in animals. Material and methods. Modeling of NSAID-induced liver damage in non-linear white rats was performed by means of oral administration of nimesulide for 21 days at doses of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. Histological techniques were performed according to standard protocols. The role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of hepatopathy was determined in the study of tumor necrosis factor alpha receptors (TNFαR1) immunohistochemical expression, using TNFR1 antibodies. Results. Histological examination of liver tissue revealed the changes that are typical for toxic lesions: plethora of central veins, dilatation of sinusoidal capillaries, granular degeneration of hepatocytes, interlobular and periportal infiltrates, necrosis. The degree of damage to liver tissue depends on the dose of the drug. High expression of TNFαR1 in the liver tissue was observed in the animals of experimental groups, who received the doses of nimesulide equal to 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg, indicating the readiness of the hepatocytes to apoptosis due to the action of cytokine. The decrease of TNFαR1 expression in experimental animals receiving a dose of 5.0 mg/kg is due to the predominance of necrosis in the liver parenchyma.

The aim of the study was to study the features of reparative histogenesis in the process of eradication of the infected residual cavity with chronic empyema of the pleura using the filling material "LitAr". Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 32 laboratory Wistar rats. Model of an aseptic restricted cavity in the right half of the thorax was created by implanting a latex ball into it. The creation of a model of limited chronic empyema of the pleura took up to 6 weeks. The infected cavity was filled at the stage of 40 days of the experiment only with a composite material. The resulting material was examined using survey histological methods (hematoxylin Mayer and eosin, and by Van-Geison’s method). The expression of the Ki-67 protein proliferation marker was determined in cut sections immunocytochemically. Results. The biodegradable "LitAr" composite stimulated angiogenesis, proliferation and cytodifferentiation of the cellular elements of fibroblastic diferon, the synthesis of components of the intercellular substance, which led to the formation of a loose, unformed connective tissue at the site of the cavity.

The aim of the study was to determine the morphological features of the intestinal glands of an adult human with total dolichomegacolone and colonoptosis. Material and methods. The intestinal glands were studied in 7 cases of total dolichomegalon and 5 - total colonopathy, detected in humans 40-87 years. The comparison group was 50 observations, when the most typical variant - normocolon was determined on the section. The glands were studied by macro-microscopic method on total colon preparations after their elective coloring with methylene blue, hematoxylin-eosin and picrofuxin by Van-Geison’s method. Statistical processing of data included the calculation of arithmetic mean, their errors. The reliability of the differences was evaluated by the method of confidence intervals. Results. The analysis showed a significant decrease in the number of intestinal glands with total dolichomegalone and colonopathy. With total dolichomegalone and colonopath, the length of the intestinal glands is also significantly smaller than in the comparison group, i.e. in cases of normocolon. In the intestinal glands are goblet, absorptive, undifferentiated cells and endocrinocytes. Analysis of the total number of epithelial cells on the longitudinal section of the gland showed that this parameter with a total dolichomegalone and colonoptosis is significantly less than in cases of normocolon. Conclusions. In cases of total dolichomegacolon and colonoptosis, a "morphological regression" of colon glands is observed, probably due to changes in the effects on the mucosa of the contents from the lumen of the intestine; the similarity of the revealed features, in our opinion, is associated with the same influencing conditions in both cases. There is a decrease in the number and size of glands in the intestinal wall in the direction from the blind to the rectum.

The aim was to structural and functional reorganization of the synovial membrane of the hip joint (HJ) capsule in adult people without HJ diseases and with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Material and methods. Fragments of HJ capsules, obtained from 42 people without articular pathology and 22 biopsies, performed with endoprosthetics of HJ were studied. The material was stained with Mayer's hematoxylin and eosin, according to Mallory and by Van-Gieson’s method. Collagen of I, II, III and IV types, matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-9, Ki-67, caspase-3, Bcl-2 were detected immunohistochemically. Results. Immunohistochemical characteristics of synovial intima, synoviocytes and intercellular matrix of the synovial membrane in the I and II periods of adulthood are presented. The features of the structural and functional reorganization of the synovial membrane in aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, which can underlie the study of the pathogenetic links in the development of this disease, and the development of adequate methods for its prevention and treatment are revealed.

The aim of study is to estimate the frequency the false chords of the left ventricle (FHLV) in individuals of different age and physical activity level. Material and methods. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination of the heart according to the generally accepted technique on the apparatus "Hawk 2102" was performed on 136 persons: 36 - of junior age, 31 adults and 69 athletes. Results. In adult persons FHLV were not found. In the group of adolescence, they were detected quite often, in 27.8% In their peers, regularly engaged in sports, the detection rate was even higher - 34.8%. 41.7% of athletes with FHLV had a high level of sports qualification, which excludes the presence of their cardiovascular pathology and calls into question the anomalous nature of the revealed structures. Conclusions. The authors conclude that the frequency of FHLV detection depends on the level of physical activity and their possible adaptive character in persons with regular physical activity of high intensity.

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes of the histoarchotectonics of the myenteric nervous plexus (MNP) in proximal and distal parts of colon in Wistar rats. Material and methods. The study was performed on 24 Wistar male rats (n=6 in each age group): newborns (3-4 days), prepubertal age (25-30 days), mature (3 months) and old (18-24 months). The colon was devided into proximal and distal sections. Histological, immunofluorescent and morphometric methods were used. Results. With the anti-βIII-tubulin immunofluorescence labeling we found an extensive growth of the myenteric plexus in the age period from the newborn to prepubertal animals, which was characterized with an increase in area of interganglionic spaces and an increase in thickness of interganglionic tracts. Age-related changes of the MNP, revealed with the anti-HuC/D and anti-S100b labeling, were characterized with a decrease in the relative number of ganglia and a proportional increase of their size, which was due to an increase in number of the axons or glial cells. There were no regional differences of histoarchitectonics of the MNP between the proximal and distal colon. Conclusions. In the period from newborn to prepubertal in male Wistar rats, intensive MNP growth is noted, characterized by an increase in the area of interganglionic spaces and thickness of the nerve tracts. Age changes in MNP are characterized by a decrease in the relative number of ganglia and a proportional increase in their size, which is obviously associated with an increase in the number of axons of neurons and glial cells. Histoarchitectonics of the MNP in the proximal and distal colon does not differ.

The aim of the research was to study individual-typological pecularities of the pterygomaxillary fissure and its interaction with cerebral and facial parts of the skull. Material and methods. Craniological collection of 188 macerated skulls (skulls of teenager, young and old age groups) was used as a research material. Craniometric and variation-statistical methods were used. Results. Three different types of pterygomaxillary fissure were identified according to the size of pterygomandibular feature. The results of the research showed that in studied age groups (skulls of teenager, young and old age groups) most males had medium and wide-low type of fissure, while majority of the females had medium and narrow-high type of fissure. In addition, it was revealed that the variability of pterygomaxillary fissure, apart from individual pecularities, is in connection with the asymmetry and types of skull.

The aim of this study is to analyze the morphofunctional features of Leydig cells of testicles of sexually mature specimens of amphibians, reptiles and small mammals inhabiting anthropogenically transformed ecosystems. Material and methods. Using comparative morphological and eco-morphological approaches to the assessment of morpho-functional state of the endocrine structures of the gonads studied classes of animals affected by destabilizing factors. Results. The principles and regularities of morphogenetic transformations in populations of Leydig cells, the range of variability of their morphological parameters have been shown.

The aim of the study was to study the parameters of the biological norm of functional relief of teeth in persons of the first and the second periods of adulthood. Material and methods. We used an original approach to calculate the indices of functional occlusal relief (FOR) using the computer analysis of occlusogramms. To relies this procedure, we introduced the concept of coefficient of functional ability of the tooth and an algorithm for determining the FOR type basedc on individual combination of these properties at the lateral teeth. Results. As a result, the frequency of certain FOR types was identified: basic (45.5% of persons in the first period of Mature age, and 41.8% in the second period), mainly crushing (32.1 and 10.7%), mainly grind (15.1% and 36.6%), and amorphous one (6.3% and 11.2%), respectively.

The aim of the study is to highlight the modern methods for solving the problem of failure relatives of perinatal autopsies in a policonfessional population of the Russian Federation. Material and methods. The analysis of publications on the topic in 35 years on databases Scopus and RSCI. Of the more than 10 thousand sources selected for the review of more than 30 foreign and domestic publications. Results. Modern technical basis of modern medicine allows postmortem studies for medical purposes without violating the integrity of the patient's body. Conclusion. The use of diagnostic methods (RG, ultrasound, CT, MRI) in the post-mortem diagnosis allows to observe and enhance the interests of medicine in the analysis of post-mortem changes. Also observe the tradition of religious denominations.

In anatomy, as in no other science, terminology is an important tool that reveals the structure of an organ or its topographic peculiarities. Anatomical terminology is inherent in conservatism, which ensures the continuity and unity of views on the structure of organs. But there are sometimes terms that may be unsuccessful and hamper a common understanding of the name of any part of the body in clinical or educational aspects. So, in our opinion, the canaliculi of tympanic nerve and chorda tympani don’t match the definition of a canal or canaliculus. The term "condylar" joint does not reflect the shape of the articular surfaces. Therefore, the selection of condylar joints based on the shape of the articular surfaces, difficult, incompetent, since they have an ellipsoidal shape.

Nowadays a great interest of a wide range of scientists is attracted by the anatomic researches of a vertebral column allowing to dilate and specify morphometric bases of a backbone. Emergence of hi-tech methods of radiodiagnosis, such as computer tomography, magnetic resonance tomography, gives new ample opportunities of intravital studying of morphology of a spine column of the person normal and at pathology.

It was made an attempt to present the most complete morphological picture of intervertebral disc components: nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus and cartilage plate. Also it affected aspects of blood supply, innervation and biomechanics.

The article is devoted to the main milestones of the life path of the scientist and surgeon I.V. Georgievskiy. For 54 years, Ivan Vasil'evich worked without fail at the Department of Operative Surgery with topographic anatomy, combining educational and scientific activities with practical medicine. After passing the wars and the revolution, Professor Georgievsky devoted his entire life to the good of the department and his native university.