The research of Ramon y Cajal (1852–1934), which laid the foundations of modern neuroscience in the 19th century, remains relevant today. His most cited work is the two-volume manual “The Structure of the Nervous System of Human and Vertebrates”, which has not been translated into Russian. In 2024, it will be 120 years since the publication of this two-volume encyclopedic work, as well as 90 years since the death of Santiago Ramon y Cajal. This article is dedicated to these memorable dates and is devoted to an overview of the main events in the personal and scientific life of this neuromorphologist, artist, philosopher and scientific methodologist.

The aim was to observe changes in NeuN expression in the cingulate cortex of the cerebral hemispheres of mice after intraperitoneal administration of various doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Material and methods. The study was conducted on 12 C57Bl/6 mice, which were injected intraperitoneally at the same time for 4 days with saline (control group) or E. coli LPS in one of the following doses: 0.5 mg/kg/day (1st group), 1 mg/kg/day (2nd group) or 2 mg/kg/day (3rd group). Brain sampling was performed in animals and histological preparations with a 5 µm thickness were made and stained with antibodies to the NeuN. The number of NeuN-expressing cells in the cingulate cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, in the Cg1 area/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, was counted. The data were also statistically processed. Results. In immunohistochemical study, the number of neurons expressing NeuN in the 1st group (LPS at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day) was 8226.9±336.94 cells per 1 mm2, in the 2nd group (LPS at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day) – 7889.4±211.83 cells per 1 mm2, in the 3rd group (LPS at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day) – 7039.7±580.42 cells per 1 mm2, in the control group – 9985.6±576.75 cells per 1 mm2. Immunofluorescent study revealed no difference between the samples. Conclusion. When LPS is administered intraperitoneally to mice for 4 days at doses of 0.5–2 mg/kg/day, the expression of NeuN, a marker of mature neurons, decreases. The data obtained can be used to create a model of age-related neurodegeneration.

Each of the typologies and M.V. Chernorutsky, and Heath–Carter has its own undeniable advantages, allowing one to evaluate the adaptive changes in the body of cadets when studying at a military university. These include the ability to assess the composition of the soma and the body shape of the individual. The aim was to study the dynamics of changes in somatotypes in cadets using a combination of typologies by M.V. Chernorutsky and Heath–Carter during their studies at a military medical university. Material and methods. The present study examined a coherent sample of 387 male and 27 female cadets. Applicants, cadets of 2 and 6 years of study were examined. Somatotyping was carried out according to the methods of M.V. Chernorutsky and Heath–Carter. Results. Hypersthenic applicants, regardless of gender, were characterized by an endo-mesomorphic somatotype. For male applicants, regardless of the classification of M.V. Chernorutsky, the greatest development of mesomorphy was noted, while in girls of normosthenic and asthenic body types, the predominant development of endomorphy was noted. Adaptation to studying at a university, regardless of somatotype, is accompanied by a decrease in the severity of endomorphy. This is typical for all somatotypes with the exception of normosthenic men. The transition from adolescence to first adulthood in university students, regardless of somatotype, is accompanied by an increase in mesomorphy, which implies good development of muscles and skeleton developing from the mesoderm. Conclusion. Thus, combined somatotyping using two schemes that differ in the basis for stratifying the sample into classified subgroups can be used as a methodological approach, within which one typology acts as a discriminatory factor, and the other as a criterion for adaptive changes.

The aim was to evaluate morphological effect of Cdc42 inhibition in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the restoration process bone defects during the late post-traumatic period of 24-months male rats with ulnar fractures. Material and methods. The experiment involved adult Wistar rats (males, weighing 400–500 grams, aged 24 months; n=40) undergoing ulnar diaphysis osteotomy. After the injury, the animals were randomized into four groups (10 rats per group). Group I animals served as controls and received no treatment. Group II animals were administered aged MSCs (cells isolated from 24-month-old rats). Group III received aged MSCs modified with the small molecule CASIN, while Group IV received aged MSCs transfected with miRNA (Cdc42 knockdown). Observations were completed 4 and 6 months post-injury. The cell dose was identical across all experimental groups – 1×106 cells in 200 µL of sodium phosphate buffer. The cell transplantation procedure was performed once, 24 hours after the fracture. Paraffin sections from the fracture site were stained using hematoxylin & eosin and the Van Gieson method. Morphometric analysis was conducted using ImageJ 1.53 with the StarDist plugin, and statistical hypothesis testing was performed using non-parametric methods in Statistica 8.0 software. Results. In all animals, foci with varying degrees of maturation of the cellular and extracellular matrix of the hard callus formed at the fracture site. A comparison of ulnar defect healing in the control group (which did not receive additional osteogenesis sources) and in the three groups with varying degrees of Cdc42 activity in transplanted MSCs revealed statistically significant differences in the number of cells within key regenerating pools. At 4 and 6 months post-injury, the most pronounced restoration of chondroblast and osteoblast precursors, as well as chondrocytes and osteocytes, occurred when using MSCs transfected with miRNA. This was likely due to maximal suppression of Cdc42 activity in MSCs and partial inhibition of their aging in the regeneration zones of the ulnar bone, facilitating further osteogenesis stimulation. Conclusion. Targeted inhibition and suppression of Cdc42 activity before the transplantation of MSCs derived from adipose tissue significantly improve the formation of immature callus and its transformation into mature tubular bone in aged animals. These results confirm the potential and feasibility of using Cdc42 targeting as combination therapy for fractures in elderly individuals.

The use of endoscopic microsurgical techniques in a number of surgical interventions on deep anatomical structures of the face requires detailed knowledge on the shape and individual variability of the size of the pterygopalatine fossa, containing vascular and nerve structures that provide blood supply and innervation of the upper face, including the pterygopalatine ganglion. The aim was to study individual differences in the shape and size of the pterygopalatine fossa of the adult human skull. Material and methods. The study included 62 archival series of anonymous CT scans (37 men and 25 women), performed with slice thickness of 0.5 mm. On axial and frontal scans, the X and Y coordinates were determined relative to the upper left corner of the scan of the opening of the greater palatine canal, which later serves as the zero point. On subsequent sections, a point with the coordinates of the opening of the greater palatine canal and the distance from this point to another point of interest along the X and Y axes were determined. The difference between the slice numbers multiplied by the thickness of the slice is the distance between two points along the Z axis. Based on the obtained coordinates, a 3- D image of the pterygopalatine fossa was constructed in the isometry system. On axial, frontal and sagittal scans, the width of the medial, anterior and posterior walls of the pterygopalatine fossa, its depth, height and other dimensions characterizing the relative location of the openings passing nerves were measured. The right and left sides of the scans, which had no pathology in this area, were examined. Results. It was stated that in the cavity of the pterygopalatine fossa, one should distinguish between the most bulk main (central) region, adjacent on the lateral side to the sphenopalatine foramen, and narrower regions which are directed downwards (vestibule of the greater palatine canal); backward (vestibule of the pterygoid canal); and laterally (vestibule of the pterygomaxillary fissure). New information has also been obtained characterizing the variability of the size of the pterygopalatine fossa. Conclusion. This study has been shown that the pterygopalatine fossa has a more complex shape than a narrow slit or pyramid, and the presence of the vestibule of the pterygoid canal in its cavity suggests a different position of the pterygoid ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa and its external structure.

The participation of PDCD4 protein in molecular mechanisms of key importance in carcinogenesis makes the assessment of the level of its synthesis in tissues important for assessing the early diagnosis of malignant tumors. The aim of the presented study was to develop a method for evaluation of the results of immunohistochemical staining of the PDCD4 protein. Material and methods. The material for the study included 49 samples of human gastric adenocarcinoma tissue and 80 cases of endoscopic biopsy examination of the gastric mucosa of patients with dyspeptic complaints. Morphological changes in biopsies corresponded to chronic gastritis with varying degrees of inflammation. Rabbit monoclonal anti-PDCD4 antibodies (clone EP 102, abcam, USA) and a detection system (Diagnostic BioSystems, USA) were used to detect PDCD4 protein by immunohistochemical method. Results. The developed can be used for semi-quantitative visual assessment of synthesis of regulatory protein PDCD4 in histological sections of tissue by immunohistochemical method with detection in nucleus and cytoplasma. That is ensured by calculating an expression index of PDCD4 in tissues when summing up the nuclei expression and cytoplasm expression. Nuclear expression represents a product of staining frequency of nuclei (0–3 points) and semi-quantitative visual assessment of intensity of coloring nuclei (0–3 points). Cytoplasmic expression represents semi-quantitative visual assessment of intensity of cytoplasm (0–3 points). Conclusion. The proposed method makes it possible to evaluate the synthesis of the PDCD4 regulatory protein in tissues with greater sensitivity and specificity, which makes it possible to detect a violation of PDCD4 expression in epithelial cells at the early stages of tumor cell transformation.

The aim was to conduct a comparative morphological analysis of the effect of implantation and modified adenovirus Ad 5/3 on the efficiency of local gene delivery to cells of the peri-implantation niche in vivo. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on laboratory rats, which were implanted with collagen membranes for a period of 2 weeks. Three and seven days after the introduction of adenoviruses (wt, Ad 5/3), the tissues were fixed for histological examination and analysis of transduced cells by in situ PCR. Results. The results showed that the presence of a collagen implant improved the biodistribution of viral particles, and the modification of Ad 5/3 significantly increased the efficiency of transduction of fibroblasts and macrophages in the peri-implantation zone. In the absence of an implant, the transduction efficiency decreased for both types of adenoviruses. Morphometric analysis revealed that the main transduced cells were fibroblasts of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the implant. Conclusion. Based on comparative morphological and molecular biological studies, an optimal protocol for local gene delivery using adenoviral vectors for peri-implantation targeting was determined. The effect of adenovirus modification on the tropism and efficiency of gene delivery to the cellular components of the PIN was characterized, and it was found that Ad 5/3 significantly exceeds AD wt in these parameters. The development and further application of the peri-implantation targeting method proposed by us can ensure local, effective and safe gene delivery, which will significantly expand the indications for gene therapy and its availability to doctors and patients. In addition, this method can be adapted for use in various organs and for various diseases.

The aim of the presented study was to identify the features of the quantitative formation of axoplasmic organelles with a primary analysis of the components of the axonal cytoskeleton (microtubules and neurofilaments) of myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers in the dental pulp during the eruption of permanent teeth in humans. Material and methods. The neurovascular bundle of dental pulp was studied in children aged 5, 10 and 14 years. On ultramicrographs of pulp sections at a magnification of ×40000, the diameters of myelin and non-myelin conductors were measured; per 1 µm2 of axoplasm of nerve conductors, the density of axoplasmic organelles, the number of microtubules and neurofilaments were calculated. The reliability of differences between groups was assessed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), the significance of average values was assessed using the Tukey test, correlation analysis was carried out using the Pearson criterion. Results. The process of eruption of permanent teeth was accompanied by a gradual increase in the number of organelles per unit cross-sectional area of the nerve, regardless of its characteristics (myelinated or nonmyelinated fiber type). The highest density of organelles was observed in large-diameter fibers of both myelinated and non-myelinated conductors throughout the indicated segment of ontogenetic development. The presence of myelin in the nerve sheath correlates positively with microtubule saturation in fibers of large (r=0.267, p=0.001) and small (r=0.314, p=0.000) diameters, and negatively in fibers with medium diameter (r=-0.246, p=0.002). The proportion of neurofilaments represented among the axoplasmic organelles of the neuroplasm as a whole was especially high in myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers of small diameter, averaging up to 70%. The presence of the myelin sheath and fiber diameter are not associated with neurofilament density with the exception of medium-diameter fibers (r=0.195, p=0.001). Conclusion. The process of eruption of permanent teeth is accompanied by an increase in the number of organelles, cytoskeletal elements in the axoplasm of nerve fibers innervating the dental pulp, providing the morphological substrate of neuroplasticity, which must be taken into account, for example, in the process of dental implantation and dental prosthetics.

The upper jaw is the most important structure of the middle third of the face. It is of great functional and aesthetic importance, and is also a clinically critical area in which a variety of surgical interventions are performed, such as the installation of dental implants, cyst removal, and endodontic dental treatment. To avoid iatrogenic complications of these manipulations (bleeding and/or neurological disorders), detailed knowledge of maxillary anatomy is required. This review, based on modern literature data and our own observations, outlines the clinical anatomy of the upper jaw with a description of the features of its morphology, identified using cone beam computed tomography, a modern technology for visualizing the bone structures of the maxillofacial region used in clinical practice. A description of a number of structures, such as the accessory infraorbital foramina, canalis sinuosus, alveolo-antral artery, nasopalatine (incisive) canal and maxillary sinus septa, is absent in human anatomy textbooks for students and is not detailed in Russian-language medical journals. The article presents radiographic images of these structures, their linear dimensions, frequency of occurrence in the population, and provides classifications of individual variants of intraosseous canals. The practical significance of each of these anatomical variations is discussed. All images used in the article are original and have not been published previously.

The purpose of the review was to analyze the results of domestic research of the twentieth century on the formation and differentiation of the prechordal plate in vertebrate embryogenesis. The prechordal plate is a kind of embryonic germ that passed from the outer germ leaf through the middle to the inner one during gastrulation. Since its discovery in amphibians, the prechordal plate has been a subject of debate. The main issues of discussion are the sources of the prechordal plate and the differentiation of its derivatives. A significant part of Russian researchers share the view of ectoderm as a source of formation of the prechordal plate. A number of authors name the endoderm as the source of the formation of the prechordal plate. There is also a point of view according to which neither the ectoderm nor the endoderm are the source of the formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a rudiment with complex developmental potentials. Thus, its lateral parts are not part of the intestinal tube, but go to the formation of the first two pairs of mesodermal somites, giving rise to a number of structures of the face and skull, for example, the external eye muscles. The medial area, growing, forms the epithelial lining of the anterior part of the intestinal tube. The characteristics of the epithelium developing their prechordal plate have been studied in the most detail. The epithelium formed from the material of the prechordal.

The aim was to create a three-dimensional model of the umbilical cord vessels of newborns, taking into account their individual morphometric features and evaluation the compliance of the morphometric parameters of the 3D model and the corrosion preparation. Material and methods. The material for the study included the umbilical cord vessels of full-term newborns whose status at birth was estimated at ≥7 points on the Apgar scale, in the amount of 20 samples, 10 cm long. The first stage of the study was the production of corrosion preparations based on the dental material “Belakril”-M XO. Then the corrosion preparations were scanned on a 3D scanner RangeVision SPECTRUM (Russia) on a rotary table at a speed of 24°/s. As a result, 3D models of umbilical cord vessels were obtained in the ScanCenter NG 2022 program.The number of turns in a given area was counted, the distance between the turns of the umbilical cord vessels was measured on corrosion preparations using an electronic caliper, the distance between the “artery and vein” complexes, the circumference of the umbilical cord vessel complex was measured with a centimeter tape, and the internal diameter of the arteries and veins was measured with a micrometer. Measurements of 3D models were taken in the Blender 4.2. STL program. Statistical data processing was carried out in the Statistica 10 program. Results. On the corrosion specimen and 3D model, the number of turns on the examined section of the umbilical cord with a length of 10 cm did not exceed two. The distance between the turns was 45 mm. The distance between adjacent “artery and vein” complexes was 45 mm. The internal diameter of the arteries and veins was 2.6 mm and 7.3 mm, respectively. Comparison of the morphometric parameters of the corrosion preparation and the 3D model showed no statistically significant differences. This observation may indicate the methodological accuracy and adequacy of the technology for constructing 3D models from the corrosion preparation. Conclusion. The morphometric parameters of computer 3D models of the umbilical cord vessels of full-term newborns created using the RangeVision SPECTRUM 3D scanner are identical to those of corrosive preparations. Such models can be used in the future as a basis for setting up biophysical experiments and for creating computer simulations.

The aim was to conduct a karyometric assessment of neurons in dorsal root ganglia of experimental animals against the background of a purulent wound process with natural healing and with stimula- tion by hydropulse sanitation and the introduction of platelet-rich blood plasma. Material and methods. In an experiment on 100 white mongrel rats, a purulent wound of the lateral surface of the thigh was modeled by introducing a daily culture of Staphyllococcus aureus with a concentration of 1010 microbial bodies. Two groups were formed: natural healing and healing after therapy of hydro-pulse sanitation of the wound with a finely dispersed flow of NaCl followed by the introduction of platelet-rich autologous blood plasma. The material was taken on the 1st, 7th and 14th days. Excision of the lumbar spinal nodes of segments LIII–LV was performed as corresponding to the zonal innervation of the area of the inflicted wound. At the light-optical level, after staining with cresyl violet according to Nissl, the area of the central cross-section of the nuclei of nerve cells was measured, the number of multinucleolar neurons was counted. Statistical processing was carried out using nonparametric statistical methods Mann–Whitney test; for multiple group comparisons, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test was used. Results. The nuclei of neurons of dorsal root ganglia responded to the wound process in the area of their innervation by increasing their area, corresponding to the compensatory load against the background of an increase in the number of cells with signs of reactive changes. Conclusion. Combined therapy with hydropulse sanitation and platelet-rich autologous blood plasma leads to greater expression of compensatory reactions in all subpopulations of neurons, manifested in a statistically significant increase in the area of nuclei with maximum values on the 7th day of the experiment.

D.S. Sarkisov is an outstanding pathologist, scientist, researcher and philosopher. The works of D.S. Sarkisov do not lose their relevance in the 21st century, when medicine is moving far forward thanks to modern high-tech techniques. However, turning to the yellowed pages of D.S. Sarkisov’s works, one can find discussions on topical topics in medicine, such as the formulation of a diagnosis, which is impossible not to argue about today. Thanks to his philosophical approach to the organization of work, D.S. Sarkisov was able to create generalizing works, for example, in the field of experimental medicine, as a result of which we can, after reading one of his books, get a general idea of the current state of the issue. This rare ability to rise above all pressingmedical issues and the scientific data accumulated on them allowed Donat Semenovich to win the true respect and love of fellow clinicians and pathologists. I.V. Davydovsky had another equally extraordinary approach to work, the similarity of opinions with whom the authors discuss within the article. The desire for a comprehensive discussion of medical and scientific problems brought D.S. Sarkisov not only to face-to-face conferences, but also to the pages of well-deserved scientific publications. The discussions of D.S. Sarkisov and colleagues serve as a brilliant example of scientific dialogue. In personal and work relationships, D.S. Sarkisov also left an indelible impression on people who were lucky enough to communicate with him in person, as evidenced by touching articles dedicated to his memory.