The aim of the study is to identify age, gender and somato-typological features of the linear parameters of the thoracic vertebrae in adults of the second period of adulthood using X-ray computed tomography.

Material and methods. The study included 34 patients of both sexes (17 men, 17 women) in the second period of adulthood. The focus of research was the thoracic vertebrae; for their morphometry, computed tomograms of the chest organs of the patients were studied. The average, the largest and smallest values of the length and width of the bodies of 1–12 thoracic vertebrae in the axial plane were determined; the correlation between the obtained sizes and the chest width index according to V.N. Shevkunenko, the value of the subcostal angle, the Haller index and the age of the patients were evaluated. Gender differences in the studied parameters were also specified.

Results. It has been found that the age-related variability of the linear parameters of the vertebral bodies is characterized by a decreased length and width of the thoracic vertebral bodies in older people. Smaller values of the length and width of the vertebral bodies present sex differences in the linear parameters of the thoracic vertebral bodies in women compared to men. The constitutional features of the linear parameters of the thoracic vertebrae bodies were determined: wider and longer bodies of the vertebrae are typical for people having a brachymorphic constitution, smaller values of these quantitative parameters of the vertebral bodies are typical for patients having a dolichomorphic constitution.

Conclusion. The obtained data on the age, sex and constitutional features of the structure of the thoracic vertebrae are of practical significance for the interpretation of intravital methods of spine investigation and for optimizing surgical and technical methods of spinal correction.

The study of sex-specific correlations between anthropometric indicators and body composition components of military university entrants helps ensure their more effective adaptation to the educational process.

The aim of the study was to reveal associated and gender-independent correlations between the physical development parameters of male and female applicants to a military educational organization.

Material and methods. We investigated 377 boys and 213 girls aged 17 years (specially selected according to their age) residing in the central part of Russia. All university entrants were examined by specialists in the medical commissions of the military commissariats and were found to be practically healthy. We analyzed anthropometric data: body length, body weight, length of the torso, limbs, girth dimensions of the torso and limbs.

The Results. Military university entrants are characterized by harmonious muscular development corresponding to the norms of physical activity. Male applicants have a more symmetrical development of upper limb musculature, the amount of fat tissue in them is more associated with energy requirements. In girls an important parameter is the distal diameter of the forearm, which correlates with energy metabolism, body mass index, the development of limb musculature, the amount of visceral fat and the expression of subcutaneous fatty tissue.

Conclusion. Thus, the sex features identified by means of correlation analysis can contribute to the development of methodological recommendations for the selection of cadets during the military medical commission and the individualization of their training.

The aim of the study was to identify correlations between the cephalo- and somatometric parameters and parameters of teleroentgenograms of the head (in the lateral projection) to assess their influence on the face shape.

Material and methods. An anthropometric study of the head and body was carried out in 70 boys and 70 girls. To obtain teleroentgenograms of the head in the lateral projection, 39 boys and 39 girls (out of those examined, based on their informed consent) underwent an X-ray examination using a Planmeca ProMax 3D CT scanner (Finland). Cephalometric analysis of the obtained images was carried out using the Mave Cloud online service. Quantitative data were statistically processed using Statistica 6.0 program.

Results. Gender differences in values (p<0,05) were detected for the following parameters: length of the anterior skull base according to Bjork, anterior face height, length of the body of the lower jaw according to Jarabac, height of the lower jaw branch, length of the posterior skull base, posterior face height, length of the anterior skull base according to Schwarz, lengths of the lower jaw, length of the upper jaw, thickness of soft tissues in the chin area on the segments Me-me, Gn-gn, Pog-pg. A direct moderate relationship was found between the values of the intermaxillary angle and zygomatic diameter, on the one hand, and the face shape, on the other hand (p<0,05).

Conclusion. A number of linear parameters of lateral teleroentgenograms have gender and regional features. In addition, teleroentgenograms and somatotype parameters affect the face shape; this fact has to be considered when correcting occlusion and facial aesthetics in the dental practice.

The aim of the study was to conduct a morphometric analysis of sinusoidal capillaries, interlobular veins and interlobular arteries of the liver at different stages of experimental fibrosis in order to investigate relationship between fibrogenesis and angiogenesis and identify new therapeutic targets.

Material and methods. The study included male Wistar rats. Liver fibrosis with transformation into cirrhosis was induced with a solution of thioacetamide, which was injected into the stomach, dosage 200 mg/kg of animal body weight, using a probe 2 times a week. The rats of the experimental groups were withdrawn from the experiment in 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 weeks, and the intact ones - at the end of the experiment. To identify connective tissue, liver sections were stained according to the Mallory method. Immunohistochemical examination was performed on paraffin sections using a monoclonal mouse antibody to CD31. The number of sinusoidal capillaries, interlobular arteries, and interlobular veins was counted in three non-overlapping fields of view of each histological section using an OLYMPUS BX51 microscope at a 40× objective magnification.

Results. The results obtained supported a statistically significant decreased number of sinusoidal capillaries (p=0,0000) and an increased number of interlobular veins (p=0,0000) in animals of the experimental group compared with the control group. There were no differences in the number of interlobular arteries (p=0,9999). Pronounced angiogenesis in the portal zones and connective tissue septa was associated with an increased amount of the connective tissue during liver fibrogenesis.

Conclusion. In the future, angiogenesis modulation should be differentiated and directed towards antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory or autoimmune therapy in chronic liver diseases.

The aim of the study was to study of age-related changes in cytoarchitectonics in functionally different areas of the posterior associative cortex in the temporal and occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres in children during the first year of life.

Material and methods. The study material included left hemispheres of male children (39 observations) aged from birth to 12 months who died in accidents without brain damage. Using computer morphometry, the thickness of the cortex, the thickness of the external pyramidal layer and the area of the profile field of pyramidal neurons were measured on Nissle stained frontal histological sections of the cortex taken in the temporo-parietaloccipital subfield (subfields 37a, 37a, 37d) and field 19 of the occipital region, which are jointly part of the posterior associative cortex. Quantitative data were analyzed at monthly intervals.

Results. The thickness of the posterior associative cortex in infants on the lateral surface of the temporal and occipital lobes increased by 3, 6, and 9 months; on the inferior medial and medial surfaces of the temporal lobe, by 5 and 12 months. Significant increases in the cross section of layer III occurred simultaneously: in subfield 37as by 2 and 6 months, in subfield 37a by 3 and 8 months, in subfield 37d by 2 and 5 months, and in field 19 by 3 and 9 months. All of the studied neocortex zones were characterized by two-stage cortical growth in thickness, as well as a faster rate of increase in the thickness of layer III in relation to the total cortical cross section, relative stability in the size of pyramidal neurons in sublayer III3 from birth to 3 months and their intense increase from 3 to 8-9 months.

Conclusion. Microstructural changes in different fields of the posterior associative cortex have significant differences, which are reflected in the age-related dynamics of the thickness of the cortex and associative layer III, as well as the size of the pyramidal neurons. The most significant structural and functional changes in these parameters are noted from 3 to 5 months and from 8 to 9 months, as well as by the end of the first year of life.

The aim of the study was to study the variability of the somatotype according to the Heath-Carter scheme in patients with alimentary-dependent pathology and the possibility of its bioimpedance assessment.

Material and methods. 104 patients (26 men and 78 women) were examined in the clinic of Federal State Budgetary Institution of Nutrition and Biotechnology. Patients underwent anthropometric studies in accordance with the accepted standard of Institute of Anthropology of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Somatotyping was calculated according to the Heath-Carter method. Bioimpedance assessment of body composition was carried out using the analyzer ABC-01 "Medass".

Results. On the basis of anthropometric measurements the age and sex characteristics of body types (somatotypes) according to Heath-Carter are presented in patients with alimentary-dependent pathologies (obesity of various degrees and type 2 diabetes mellitus). No significant differences of somatotype components in the age subgroups of the 1st and 2nd period of adulthood was found in men and women, although the values of Endomorphy and Mesomorphy in the subgroup of the 1st period of adulthood are greater than in the subgroup of the 2nd period of adulthood regardless of the sex of the subjects.

Conclusion. The study revealed that the average values of anthropometric indicators and the value of average Heath-Carter somatotypes in patients with alimentary-dependent pathologies do not significantly differ in age subgroups of the 1st and 2nd periods of adulthood in men and women, regardless of the sex of the subjects. Considering age subgroups and excluding age subgroups significant sexual dimorphism was observed in anthropometric indicators and in somatotype component, with the exception of body mass index (BMI). The inconsistency of somatotype assessment by Heath-Carter was shown in patients with alimentary-dependent pathologies according to bioimpedance analysis. In view of the significant correlation of bioimpedance and anthropometric measurements of somatotype components according to Heath-Carter, we consider it appropriate to develop new regression equations to evaluate the somatotype in the future.

The aim of the investigation was to study the dynamics of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor expression in the skin of white male rats under dark deprivation.

Material and methods. 20 outbred male rats 170–220 grams by mass were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into 2 groups. The intact group included animals under standard fixed lighting conditions (12 h light / 12 h dark). The experimental group consisted of animals with simulation of dark deprivation under conditions of round-the-clock illumination (24 h light). The duration of the study was 21 days. The object of the study was the skin of rats. Using immunohistochemistry, the features of the expression of 5-HT1A receptors were studied.

Results. A strong circadian dependence of the expression of serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in the general integument has been established. In the cells of the epidermis, sebaceous glands and hair follicles throughout the experiment, a decrease in the proportion of immunopositive cells was observed with a simultaneous increase in the positivity of 5-HT1A expression.

Conclusion. Throughout the experiment, a strong circadian dependence of the expression of serotonin 5-HTR1A receptors in the general integument was expressed, which, apparently, determines the mechanism of an adequate response to the destabilization of circadian rhythms.

The aim of the research was to study the structural and functional changes in axonal terminals in layers I, III, and V of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain of Wistar rats after the common carotid artery (CCA) bilateral ligation using immunohistochemical and apparatus-microscopic methods.

Material and methods. Incomplete cerebral ischemia was modeled by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries (CCA - 2-vessel model of global ischemia without hypotension) in white Wistar rats (n=36). SMC was studied in the control (intact rats, n=6), 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days (n=30) after POCA. Nissl, hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemical reactions for p38, and electron microscopy were used. The total number density and relative area of axonal terminals were determined. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric methods for pairwise and multiple comparisons using the Statistica 8.0 program.

Results. After CCA bilateral ligation, the content of degeneratively altered neurons in the rat brain SMC increased. Changes in the SMC neurons were accompanied by neuropil hyperhydration and reactive astrogliosis. The total number density of terminals in all SMC layers decreased statistically significantly after 1 day (by 28.6% in layer I, 46.9% in layer III, and 46.4% in layer V) and remained approximately at this level throughout the entire observation period. . The relative area of synaptic terminals differed in the compared SMC layers. In layers I and III of the SMC, the values of this indicator first (days 1 and 3) decreased, and then (days 7, 14, and 30) they increased.

In layer V of the SMC, activation of the expression of this protein occurred already in the acute period (days 1 and 3), decreased after 7 and 14 days, and increased again after 30 days. Ultrastructural examination revealed more small terminal axonal branches. However, the general trend of changes in the number of terminals was similar.

Conclusion. After CCA bilateral ligation, destructive and compensatory-restorative changes in axonal terminals were revealed in layers I, III, and V of the rat MMC. The reorganization of interneuronal relationships occurred against the background of pronounced manifestations of neuropil hyperhydration. The maximum destruction of synaptic terminals was noted in layer III of the SMC, and their adaptive changes were observed in layer V. The results of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies are comparable and complement each other. All this can probably be considered as a structural basis for changes in the integrative-starting activity of the brain after CCA bilateral ligation.

In modern society, life expectancy is steadily increasing, at the same time, the number of medial femoral fractures is increasing. The bone-beam system of the proximal epiphysis of the femur has areas of different density throughout, however, these differences are most clearly observed in the neck.

The aim of the stidy was to build a two-dimensional parametric model of the human femoral neck to study its bone and beam structure.

Material and methods. The study was carried out on 50 macerated femurs and 10 radiographs of human hip joints from the collection of the department of anatomy of I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University. All bones were without signs of bone pathology and had no growth zones. Age and gender determination was not performed. The material was photographed in frontal projection, then the photographs were transferred to a personal computer and measurements were taken in the Autodesk AutoCAD LT 2012 Commercial New SLM ML03 program. Using a mathematical model, the femoral neck was divided into three figures: "head–neck", "true neck", "neck–trochanteric region". We also measured the angles of the beginning of the increase in the diameter of the femoral neck: to the head (angles α1 and α2); and to the trochanteric region (angles β1 and β2), the angle γ, which characterizes the direction of a number of bundles of the arch system of the proximal epiphysis of the femur, was separately identified.

Results. The “true neck” perimeter area was 213.23 [194.31; 250.51] mm2, which occupies 20% in the structure of the integral figure, and the parameters of the “neck–head” and “neck–trochanteric region” perimeters were 355.47 [ 321.47; 420.57] mm2 – 33% and 511.65 [447.11; 583.19] mm2 – 47%, respectively. The median values of the angle α1 were 34.24 [29.38; 40.45]°, angle α2 – 27.27 [22.30; 31.48] °, angle γ – 51.32[46.71; 55.39]°, while the angles β1 and β2 are 39.95 [35.39;42.93]° and 28.65 [25.70; 31.61] ° respectively.

Conclusion. The proposed two-dimensional parametric model with the division of the neck into a number of figures makes it possible to mathematically evaluate the position, direction, and distribution of bone-beam structures in the proximal epiphysis.

The review highlights and generalises data on morphological and functional features of the rodent uterus. In all viviparous vertebrates, the development of embryos occurs in a specific organ – the uterus. The mammalian uterus is a primary paired organ that develops from the oviducts. In mammals with more complicated level of organisation (in all placentals), there is a tendency for the fusion of two uteri (partial, for example, in most rodents). To date, the morphofunctional features of the uterus of laboratory animals have been sufficiently studied in representatives of the order Rodentia. The data on the structural features of the uterus of most rodents from natural ecosystems are stated to be fragmentary and refer mainly to synanthropic species. In all rodents, the uterine wall is structured typically of mammals and consists of three membranes – mucous (endometrium), muscular (myometrium) and serous (perimetry). The mucous membrane of the uterus is lined with a single layer of ciliated epithelium. Cyclic changes in the mucous membrane of the uterus and vagina of rodents results in a complex of rearrangements. Thus, the integumentary epithelium of the uterine mucosa is represented by high cylindrical cells during periods of physiological activity, the cell nuclei are arranged in two to three rows, and the height of the epithelium decreases during periods of physiological rest. The leading role in the functional regulation of the uterus belongs to female sex hormones; their secretion, in turn, depends on the pituitary and hypothalamic hormones. The paper provides data on the negative impact of various organic substances, metal compounds, physical factors, including electromagnetic effects, on the structural components of the uterine wall (integumentary and glandular epithelium, smooth muscle membrane myocytes, cellular elements of connective tissue).

Matrix metalloproteinases are an integral component of the organ-specific tissue microenvironment, primarily participating in the regulation of the state of the integrative-buffer metabolic environment, tissue remodeling, morphogenesis and immunogenesis, and the genesis of pathological vascular diseases. Therefore, issues related to regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity under altered gravity are a matter of high urgency for space biomedicine. The review highlights aspects of regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity under altered gravity. The study results included in the current systematic review were searched for in independent literature sources in the PubMed and Cochrane databases, Google Scholar and the NASA Technical Reports Server. A variety of stress factors associated with space flights, in particular, exposure to radiation, enhances the expression of transforming growth factor beta and matrix metalloproteinases-2. Experimental data obtained during several flights demonstrate that microgravity affects the architecture of cells and increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and interleukin-6. Microgravity reduces the expression of collagen I, and the level of fibrillar collagen, which affects the mechanical properties of the intracellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases -1, -3, -10 demonstrated an increased activity in flight samples of 16-week-old female C57BL/6J mice (n = 8) during 15 days aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, the STS-131 mission, compared to ground control (12.94; 2.98 and 16.85 times, respectively, P<0.05), while matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors – tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors-1, -2, and -3, demonstrated no statistically significant changes in gene expression. There were determined significant differences in the gene expression profiles in the lungs of animals of the space flight and ground control groups. The genes that revealed more than doubled expression were CTGF, MMP-2, NACM1, SPARC, SPOCK1 and TIMP-3, while the genes with the greatest decrease in expression were LAMA1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-13, VCAM-1, and SELE.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of neuroendocrine cells in immunohistochemically stained preparations and determine differences in the number of neuroendocrine cells (NEC) in the body of the stomach in autoimmune gastritis (AIG) and other forms of gastritis.

Material and methods. The study included 27 cases of AIG and 9 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis not associated with autoimmune mechanisms of disease. The age of the patients ranged from 36 to 77 years and averaged 54.9 years. Biopsies were taken according to accepted protocols: 2–3 biopsies from the antrum and 2 biopsies from the body of the stomach. An immunohistochemical reaction was carried out with an antibody to chromogranin A on an automatic Bond Max immunostainer (Leica, Germany). The slides were digitized on an Aperio AT2 scanner (Leica, Germany), and QuPath v.0.3.0 software for viewing and analyzing digital images of slides was used for morphometric analysis of digital images and counting. The results were processed in the Jamovi program, Version 1.6 (https://www.jamovi.org).

Results. According to the results of counting in the group of patients with AIG, there was an increase in the quantity of NEC. Ranges of hyperplasia of neuroendocrine cells were revealed: 648–1736 cells per 1 mm2 square were detected for AIG, 416–605 cells per 1 mm2 for other forms of gastritis. In the AIG group median is 925 cells per 1 mm2, the 1st quartil is 877 cells per 1 mm2, 3rd quartil is 1172 cells per 1 mm2, interquartile range is 295 cells per 1 mm2 (asymmetrical distribution). In the group with other forms of gastritis arithmetic mean is 522±23 cells per millimeter square (normal distribution).

Conclusion. The obtained results allowed to confirm NEC hyperplasia in patients with AIG. A statistically significant difference was found in the number of NEC in the body of the stomach in the group of AIG and other gastritis (p≤0,01), which can be proposed as an additional morphological criteria for diagnosing AIG.

The aim of the study was macrophages analysis of the respiratory tract in rats after a single parenteral administration of the silicon dioxide nanoparticles in a size of 7 nm and 34 nm during 6 months.

Material and methods. The sections of the rat lung were studied using the methods of histology and immunohistochemistry after injection of 1 ml of 7 and 34 nm a SDNPs saline suspension at a concentration of 2 mg/ml (7mg/kg). Control animals were administered 1ml saline solution. To study chronic toxicity material sampling was performed on the 21st day, and 2, 4 and 6 months after the administration of the SDNPs (5 animals in the group) and fixed in 10% neutral formalin.

Results. An increase in the number of interstitial and alveolar macrophages were identified by 4 months the introduction of silicon dioxide nanoparticles with a size of 7 nm, with normalization of the indicators by 6 months. The use of 34 nm nanoparticles does not cause significant changes of the respiratory tract of rats at all times of the experiment.

Conclusion. A single parenteral administration of silica nanoparticles causes aseptic inflammation of the respiratory tract of rats and an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages by 4 months of the experiment only with the introduction of 7 nm silica nanoparticles. Both nanoparticle sizes don't cause tissue remodeling of the lung throughout the experiment.