Structural features, age-related and quantitative changes of the upper and lower cardiac glands of the esophagus were studied based on autopsy material of the 110 corpses of people of different age groups with no lifetime pathological conditions in the digestive system. The differences of the area in the initial part of the upper and lower cardiac glands were observed. The study revealed that the area of the initial part of the lower cardinal glands prevails over analogical measures of the upper glands in newborns. It is observed that the area in the initial part of the lower cardiac glands is greater than that in the initial part of the upper cardiac glands. This figure increases from young to old age periods.

Nowadays the morphometric parameters of the buccal epithelium in the different phases of the menstrual cycle in different environmental conditions are studied insufficiently. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the structural features of the buccal epithelium in Indian female students in the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The buccal epithelium was taken to measure the area of the nuclei, cytoplasm of epithelial cells and the nucleocytoplasmic index in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle in 16 Indian females who were first year students of Belgorod State National Research University. In the secretory phase in comparison to the proliferative phase polynuclear cells, a large number of white blood cells and clusters of squamous cells were identified in smears of the epithelium. The increase of the area of the cells’ cytoplasm, nuclei and nucleocytoplasmic index were seen. The proliferation phase is dominated by cells of stratum spinosum. In the phase of secretion squamous cells, the white blood cells and polynuclear cells were identified, which may be due to the influence of estrogen-progesterone background. The appearance of cells with micronuclei in both phases is possibly due to an adaptation to stress in a changing environment.

Designed the correlation-regression model of the structure of the paranevrium allowed to evaluate quantitatively the features of its morphogenesis in the evolutionary aspect and in the different types of motor activity of the thoracic limb of vertebrate animals from one taxon that are located in different environments. A high level of approximation is set in the built exponential and regression models. The values of the coefficient of determination (R2) indicate that more than 70% of the variations of studied variables is explained by the regression model. Also, this study revealed the differences as well as similarities in structure of the paranevrium in different taxons. The reason for this similarity is not only the common processes occurring during embryogenesis, but also the identity of the functions performed by paranevrium.

The article presents the results of the study on the frequency of occurrence of various forms of mammary glands in indigenous and non-ethnic women in Yakutia who are between the ages of 20 to 40 years. The morphological characteristic of forms and the relative frequency of their occurrence were studied in two groups. It was revealed that the round shape of the mammary glands in women of indigenous group was most common in the range of 20-25 and 31-35 years of age, the conical shape - 26-30 years of age, the wide form prevailed in women older than 36 years of age. Bilateral asymmetry was often found in non-indigenous women who had the conical shape of mammary glands. The obtained data has comparative value and can serve as a basis for the selection of breast implants during reconstructive cosmetic interventions.

With the histological methods were studied macro-microscopic characteristics of glands of the human colon. Microscopic analysis showed that a single layer of epithelium located at the basal membrane forms the wall of the glands throughout the intestines. Among the epithelial cells have been identified goblet, absorptive, undifferentiated, and endocrine (argyrophilic) cells. It is established, that the density of intestinal glands regardless of the age decreases throughout the large intestine in a proximal-distal direction. The conducted research allowed to identify previously unknown patterns of morphogenesis of the glands of the colon; to determine their structural indicators, age and regional characteristics, which is of fundamental importance and is of interest for practical medicine.

The glands of the pharyngeal wall, obtained from cadavers of 134 people, were studied using macro-microscopic and histological methods. The glands were stained by using 0.05% methylene blue in 0.5% acetic acid solution. It was noticed that the glands had clear contours, which were easily differentiated from surrounding tissues of the pharynx. Each initial segment was linked to the excretory duct of the 1st order, which form a common excretory duct when combed. The results of the study showed a variety of the glands’ forms as well as their variability in the number and size throughout the period of postnatal ontogenesis. Quantitative indicators that reflect the age variability of the glandular system and a number of other morphological parameters are important for both theoretical and practical medicine.

A macro-microscopic study of the structural organization of the glandular apparatus of the human larynx in postnatal ontogenesis was conducted. An autopsy material (n=192) was stained by using 0.05% solution of methylene-blue dissolved and 0.5% solution of acetic acid. The material was subsequently fixed in a saturated solution of molybdenum acid ammonium. Using the method of the morphometry, a detailed description of the structural and functional properties of the glands of the various parts of the larynx was given. Taking into account age, individual changes of the glands and time of these changes were observed. The dynamics of the glandular and lymphoid relations in the walls of the larynx were studied.

The study of the features of the anatomical structure of the posteroinferior department of the right atrium of human in the aspect of conducting the operation of radio-frequency ablation during the atrial disturbances of rhythm is actual task in the aspect of contemporary interventional cardiac surgery. On the first stage 120 preparations of human heart (60 women and 60 men) were investigated. At the second stage the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was executed for 60 examined person (36 men and 24 women). The third stage of work consisted in performance intraoperative three-dimensional reconstruction of the right atrium at 60 people in the conditions of interventional X-rays operating among which were 31 men and 29 women. As a result of the conducted analysis statistically meaningful distinctions of anatomic structure of posteroinferior department of right atrium are established at persons with the different types of build. The long posteroinferior department ] of right atrium above the short (respectively 59,4% and 40,6%) prevails at pyknic body type , at that time the short posteroinferior department of right atrium meets at asthenic body type reliable more often (respectively 60,4% и 39,6%). Results of research of anatomical structure of posteroinferior department of right atrium by a sectional method, МРI and electrical and anatomical mapping of Carto XP at people with the different kinds of body type are comparable, that testifies to the sufficient degree to authenticity in interpretation of data of anatomical structure of posteroinferior department of right auricle by the methods of lifetime visualization.

A study of the anal glands of adults was conducted in order to obtain data on their quantitative and morphometric features. The study was performed on the actual material obtained from cadavers of 136 people who died at the age from 20 to 99 years in the absence of pathology of the digestive system. It was noted that the number of the anal glands and their dimensions remained stable over a period from 20 to 49 years and then they gradually decreased. The appearance (exterior) of the glands changed significantly with age. Microanatomical analysis showed a decrease in parenchymal component of the glands with age. Knowledge of the involution of the glandular apparatus of the anal canal wall, in addition to general theoretical, is important for proctological practice.

In order to improve the results of the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis by applying titanium glycerosolvate aqua complex (Tisolum) and laser technology, the experimental study was performed on 175 white outbred male rats. The analysis of the micropreparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as picro-fuchsin were conducted to learn about the dynamics of structural and functional changes in the bones during the treatment. It was found that in the group with combined treatment the regeneration process was over by the 60^th day. Spongy bone tissue and proliferation of osteoblasts were noticed. In the control groups at this period inflammation and mild symptoms of osteogenesis were present. Therefore, it is proven that a higher efficiency of the treatment of experimental chronic osteomyelitis as the result of the application of laser and titanium glycerosolvate aqua complex leads to more rapid reversal of the inflammatory response and acceleration of the process of bone formation.

The article discusses the study of the pathological changes in the pulp of the tooth with artificial hyperthermia that occurs during the dissection of the hard tissues of the teeth. The experiment was carried out on 12 animals (sheep). Ultrastructure of the studied coronal pulp 96 permanent lower incisors. It is established that changes in the structure of the components of dental pulp are particularly pronounced after 24 hours after preparation, and include violation of the structure of odontoblasts, capillaries and nerve fibers. In 30 days after preparation along with marked normalization of the structure of the main components of the pulp in the structure of nerve fibers and capillaries continue to be observed pathologically changed cellular elements.

88 corpses of both sexes without the pathology of the anterior abdominal wall were studied. Before the autopsy the distance between the lower points of the costal arches (linea bicostalis) and the distance between the front upper iliac spines (linea bispinalis) were measured. During the autopsy the intercostal nerves in the umbilical region were counted and their topography was determined. The linea bicostalis averaged to 29.2±0.3 cm and the linea bispinalis - 28.2±0.2 cm. In the innervation of the umbilical region 2 pairs of intercostal nerves (60% of cases) took part more often than 1 pair of nerves (20% of the cases). In 11% of the cases 3 pairs of intercostal nerves came to the rectus abdominis muscle and in 2% of the cases - 4 pairs of nerves. In 7% of the cases asymmetrical number of intercostal nerves was noticed. Using logistic regression method, the equation was proposed to predict the probability of finding 2 pairs of the intercostal nerves in the umbilical region of the anterior abdominal wall: P(%)=100×(1/(1+e^(12.1+0.33×a₁-0.76×a₂))), where P - the probability of finding two pairs of intercostal nerves, a₁ - an indicator of the linea bicostalis, a₂ - an indicator of linea bispinalis.

The article defines the morphofunctional characteristics of the reparative capabilities of the tympanic membrane at different stages of the remission of experimental chronic suppurative otitis media. It identifies the opportunities of the optimization of reparative histogenesis in the tympanic membrane using nanostructured bioplastic material based on hyaluronic acid. It was found that the most pronounced reparative properties of the tissue of the tympanic membrane were seen in the first two weeks after subsiding of the inflammation in the middle ear. Plastic of the perforations of the tympanic membrane that held in this period contributed to histological and organotypic tissue regeneration of the tympanic membrane.

Present article is devoted to the peculiarities of the structure and function, morphometric parameters of the basic structures of the central and peripheral organs of the immune system. It discloses the patterns of the development of these organs at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis. The data of the domestic and foreign literature on the impact of environmental factors on the structural changes in the thymus and spleen on the organ, tissue and cellular levels was analyzed. Further study of the morphological and functional organization of organs of the immune system will allow to identify and analyze the patterns of their structural and functional changes influenced by the factors of different origin.

Lungs are one of the most vulnerable for fibroplastic processes organs due to the presence of a large number of target cells with strong cell-cell interactions. Knowledge of the mechanisms of violation of intercellular interactions and mechanisms of the remodeling of extracellular matrix in fibrosis of various etiologies is the basis of the development of effective treatment for these diseases. At the present stage, an important role belongs to the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The studies extend in a direction of molecular mediators of EMT - growth factors, cytokines. However, at present the most key points in the implementation of EMT mechanisms are not known. Today, the issue is not resolved, revascularization is a pathogenic mechanism contributing to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, or a compensatory mechanism in damaged lung tissue. The analysis of these regularities opens up new possibilities for the treatment of various diseases associated with pulmonary sclerosis.

The article presents the experience of using elements of distance learning in the teaching of cytology and histology to students-bachelors of the 1st course classic university. This experience is implemented in the Moodlе environment. In addition to thematic content («electronic textbook») role of such distance learning elements as a Glossary, system of test tasks and situational tasks is show. The classification of distance components of the course of cytology and histology was given. The analysis of the educational material relevance was held. The multi-level scheme for the integration of distance learning with the classical educational technologies was proposed.

The article details the information on the life and scientific heritage of the outstanding Russian physiologist and anatomist Efrem Osipovich Mukhin. His own theoretical achievements in anatomy and physiology allowed professor Mukhin to form the foundations of the anatomical and physiological trend in medicine.

Paul Ehrlich is the founder of a number of important areas in biomedical research, among which immunology and chemotherapy are in the first place. The purpose of this historical overview as a tribute to the centenary of the death of Paul Ehrlich is to describe his role in the foundation and development of histochemistry.

The article outlines biography of Thomas Willis who was an outstanding scientist and physician of the 17^th century. A brief description is given concerning the history of exploration of cerebral arterial anastomosis currently known under an eponymic denomination of “Willis’s circle”. Some notorious medics of the past from antiquity up to the 17^th century are quoted to acquaint a reader with a trend of scientific thoughts in the matter of human brain’s basal blood supply.