The relevance of research is determined by the important role of maternal health in solving the problem of reproduction of full posterity. Numerous studies have confirmed the role of liver disease in the formation of the physiological immaturity of the offspring. The aim of the study was to analyze the functional state in rats with experimental chronic liver disease due to the fact that the optimal development of the fetus is largely determined by the condition of the placenta. In some animals liver damage was induced by subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of a 40% oil solution of carbon tetrachloride two times a week for 2 months. Another group of animals was administered intragastric for two days at a dose of paracetamol of 2.5 g/kg of body weight. Proliferative, anti-apoptotic and proapoptotic activity and membrane permeability of trophoblast of different compartments studied by using immunohistochemistry and biological methods. Analysis of the characteristics of the functional state of the placenta of rats with experimental chronic toxic and drug liver disease allowed to establish reducing of proliferative and anti-apoptotic activity and increasing of pro-apoptotic activity of the placental cells of different compartments. In addition, it was found that chronic liver pathology in experiment leads to increasing of permeability of the membranes of the placental barrier that may indicate in our opinion the development of placental insufficiency.

Investigation of the own (Brunner’s) glands of the duodenum in human in postnatal ontogenesis from morphological perspective is not enough. The purpose of the research was to analyze the macro- and microscopic patterns of the morphogenesis of own duodenal glands in people of all ages. Macro- and microscopic histological methods were used to study own glands of the duodenum obtained from the corpses of 110 people of different ages. According to the research, glands are unevenly distributed in the duodenal wall. Throughout postnatal ontogenesis there is a decrease in their number in the proximal-distal direction. Analysis of the extreme individual values of the number of glands in the duodenal wall showed that the gap between the personal minimum and maximum of this indicator in newborns and in the first year of life is somewhat less than in subsequent periods of postnatal ontogenesis, especially in mature, elderly and older ages.

Electron microscopic examination of the postnatal development of the tissues of the rats’ uterine cervix at the level of the sphincter was performed. It has been established that at the time of rats' birth the processes of histogenesis are not complete. Cervical sphincter becomes definitive structure only at the time of puberty. After birth and until the onset of puberty, the processes of cell proliferation, genetically programmed cell death, differentiation and integration continue in the uterine cervix. Intensity of these processes at different stages of postnatal development varies. The process of proliferation of cells, which is expressed maximally after birth of the animals, promotes the formation of layers of the uterine cervix and the walls of the myometrium. At the same time with active proliferation, signs of a specific differentiation and integration of tissues into a complex apparatus - cervical sphincter occurs. Histogenetic cell death in the cervical wall is observed throughout postnatal period, but it has a maximum value at the first month of life and in aging animals. In the first case, apoptosis plays a leading role in the formative processes; in the second case, it indicates a decrease in the functional activity of specialized tissues.

The purpose of the macro-microscopic and morphometric study of the total preparations of the trachea and main bronchi was to get a full-fledged representation of the structural characteristics and patterns of morphogenesis of the glands of the most important entities of the lower respiratory tract. The glands were stained in 0.05% methylene blue solution with 0.5% acetic acid in tap water followed by fixing agents in a saturated solution of ammonium picrate. The arithmetic mean of the parameters and their error were studied. The number and size of the glands in the walls of these organs increased consistently over from the neonatal period until the 1st period of adulthood reaching ontogenetic maximum. Then, there was the consistent reduction of these indicators, which were minimal in old age. It was also revealed that there were more glands in the walls of the left main bronchus in comparison to the right, which was observed throughout the postnatal ontogenesis. The trend towards the larger size of the initial part of the glands in the left main bronchus in comparison to the right main bronchus was observed.

Morphological data describing the features of the lingual glands, their dimensional characteristics, age-related changes and regional qualities was obtained by studying the material from the corpses of 110 people by using the macro-microscopic and morphometric methods. The glands of the tongue on total preparations were stained with methylene blue. Statistical analysis of the quantitative data included the calculation of the arithmetic mean of each indicator and the error of the arithmetic mean. Glandular apparatus of the tongue at the time of birth is completely formed. Change in the number and size of the lingual glands occurs before the 1st period of adulthood, when their total number (by 2.8 times), length (by 3.7 times), width (by 3.5 times) and thickness of the initial segment (by 1.6 times) increase in comparison to the parameters of the neonatal period. The area of initial segment, the number of primary units in its structure, the area of the initial unit and its number of gland cells (on cross section) increase by the 1st period of adulthood.

Morphological features of Tenon's capsule of 47 samples from 35 children with various types of clinical refraction were studied. The material was taken during the surgery of squint and posterior scleral plombage in progressive myopia. The samples of the Tenon's capsule were studied using transmission electron microscopy. We obtained the following results: with increased refraction occurs reduction in the density of collagen fiber bundles location 47.84±4.54 and 28.72±4.18 (р=0.004), an increase of fibroblasts density 1.10±0.13 and 1.56±0.12 of 10⁴μm² (р=0.001) and increasing the maximum length of fibroblasts 20.72±1.64 and 25.95±1.45 (р=0.005), with hyperopia and progressive myopia, respectively. In progressive myopia, unlike hyperopia, in the structure of Tenon's capsule hyperplasia, hypertrophy of the fibroblasts and hyperplasia of ultrastructure are observed, which is accompanied by an increased functional activity of organelles and indicates the active participation of fibroblasts in the remodeling of Tenon's capsule.

Using standard histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques the composition of paravasal connective tissue components of digestive system hollow organs (stomach and ileum) have been studied in men of three age groups (the first period of mature age, elderly age and senium). It was found that the percentage of the fibrous component of paravasal connective tissue increases with age, and is largely prevalent among the collagen fibers. The spatial orientation of the fibrous stroma paravasal connective tissue is described.

Functional morphology of seminal vesicles, received on autopsy from 70 men 20-89 years old, with the absence of pathology of urogenital system organs. The material was divided into groups with 10-years periodicity. Kruskal-Wallis test was used compare data from different age groups and parts of seminal vesicles. The data obtained reflect the dynamics of the macro-microscopic parameters of the seminal vesicles and their main duct in postnatal ontogenesis. Individual fluctuations of studied parameters are most pronounced in men of mature age. From the age of 60-69 years both the maximum and minimum values of the individual parameters of seminal vesicles’ microstructure start to decrease. The identified age-related changes of seminal vesicles’ structure in norm must be considered in medical practice for assessing organ biopsies.

The article presents the results of an experimental study of exocrine pancreatic parenchyma of 36 dogs with normal (18) and impairment (18) glucose tolerance after the exposure to systematic training cycles before the formation of a long run. The data obtained reveal the structural and functional reorganization of the gland acinar components in animals with different state of carbohydrate metabolism after systematic exercises. There was a relationship between adaptive changes in the gland and the intensity and duration of the load. The most pronounced structural changes were observed after the specified modes of training in dogs with impaired glucose tolerance.

Reaction of structural elements of a jejunum mucous membrane in chronological aspect of the forecast after 5, 7 and 10 months of electromagnetic fields impulses influence has been studied in experiment. Density of the induced currents was 0.37, 0.7, 0.8 and 2.7 kA/м² with frequency of 500, 100 and 50 impulses a week irrespective of their divisibility and lasting 15÷40 ns. The received data testify a variation of the area of a jejunum mucous membrane active surface due to change of a relief, a focal hypertrophy of villi and proliferation of an epithelium, explained with compensatory reaction in response to action of the damaging factor.

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of the testes of small mammals that live in various territories of Orenburg. The analysis of the multi-functional status of the Leydig cells of the testes of small mammals affected by the conditions of the urbanized environment. The facts of the presence of destructive changes in the endocrine structures of the gonads of animals that inhabit urban areas. It is revealed that the degree of stability of the interstitial endocrinocytes of the testes is higher, therefore, the degree of destructive changes in them are less pronounced compared to the seminiferous epithelium.

The article covers the histochemical features of parodontal-gingival complex tissues in parodontopathy in the experiment on animals. It was found that the introduction of pyrimidine derivatives leads to the activation of RNA synthesis in cells of epithelium and connective tissue of the gingiva and to the pronounced mobilization and activation of mast cells of connective tissue. The examined animals have the same changes in RNA, glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides distribution as in humans with parodontopathy. This makes periodontal disease in cloven-hoofed a very promising model for studying parodontopathy in humans.

Using confocal microscopy, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the human brain cortex neurons in normal state and after clinical death (reperfusion) was studied. Actual data obtained on autopsy material (n=7) using histological, immunohistochemical (MAP-2, GAP-43, R38) and morphometric research methods. It is established that axons, dendrites and synapses possess had a high degree of tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion, as well as the ability to restore neuronal relations. After reperfusion in the surviving neurons of the human cortex revealed a high content of the marker of dendrites (MAP-2), axons (GAP-43), synaptic vesicles (p38). On the background of the intact cytoskeleton of dendrites, terminals, axons with high potential plasticity existed untapped reserve of synaptic vesicles with the neurotransmitter. This evidence of structural and functional conservation of all components of the communicate system a significant part of the human cortex neurons after reperfusion.

Relevance of the study is explained by a high mortality due to complications of cerebrovascular pathology. Material for the study was the circle of Willis of 467 people (0-85 years) who died from causes not related with the disturbance of cerebral circulation and didn’t suffer from hypertension, diseases of connective tissue and diabetes. CT scans of 100 patients (17-85 years) with cerebrovascular disease were examined. Methods: macroscopic, CT, histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, morphometric, physical modeling of blood flow with glass models which correspond to the structure of circle of Willis vessels, mathematical and statistical modeling. Features of blood vessels in the circle of Willis, which promote changes in the arterial wall over the range of human life, which can lead to the development of cerebral circulatory disorders are established. Risk of aneurysm in vessels of circle of Willis developing exists from the age of 30-35 years (considerable thinning of the tunica media), in areas where a lot of vascular branching and artery are divided into different diameter secondary vessels, with a counterflow and in non-classical variants of the structure of circle. Increasing of intimal thickness in angles of vascular bifurcation of circle of Willis which contribute of stenosis of cerebral blood vessels has occurred after 56 years.

40 cadavers at the age of 53.8±4.4 years were studied. Cadavers were dissected and the course of the inferior epigastric artery noted in area of rectus abdominis muscle. The inferior epigastric artery crosses the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle most often in the middle third of the distance between the umbilicus and the upper edge of the symphysis pubis (65%). The inferior epigastric artery in females crosses the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis much lower, and its main trunk is located lateraly from the midline. The main trunk of the inferior epigastric artery in area of rectus abdominis muscle is located above the endoabdominal fascia in 48% of cases, and in the thickness of the rectus abdominis in 50% of cases.

The paper presents the research data on structural and functional status of the neurons of the cerebellar hemisphere of the brain in mature white male rats in case of normal environment and lead acetate intoxication. Cytoarchitectonic particularities of the cells of the molecular layer, the layer of pear-shaped neurocytes and granular layer of the cerebellar cortex following lead intoxication were observed. Cytoarchitectonic changes in the layers of the cerebellar cortex such as the increase in the thickness of the molecular layer and the layer of pear-shaped neurocytes, the area size of the perikaryon of basket cells and Purkinje cells, the volume of the perikaryon of basket, Purkinje and granular cells as well as the alteration in the index of the elongation of the nuclei and the concentration of neurons in line of sight were seen. The obtained data can be used to explain the mechanisms of pathological and compensatory reactions of the nervous tissue.

The comparison of mast cells (MC) detection effectiveness in mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus , jejunum mucosa was carried out using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods (toluidine blue, Romanovsky-Giemsa and alcian blue staining, chloroacetyl esterase detection, tryptase and chymase immune labeling). The stains which provide metachromasia showed the similar results of MC detection in mongolian gerbils jejunum mucosa comparable with tryptase immune labeling. Smaller amount of MC showed chloroacetyl esterase activity or alcianophilia. The least cell pool formed MC with chymase expression. We came to the conclusion on the feasibility of the integrated use of various histochemical methods in studying functional properties of MC in normal conditions and pathology.

The paper summarizes the literature data on the effect of testosterone and its synthetic derivatives on athletes. Biosynthetic pathways and metabolism of testosterone, testosterone signaling pathway, its main biological effects have been characterized. The main attention is paid to the problems of hypo- and hyperandrogenaemia as the two extreme manifestations of deviation from the physiological level of testosterone in the blood of men. Therefore prospects for further studies were identified: hyperandrogenism influence on the heart muscle in athletes and in men who use natural or synthetic analogs of testosterone as a means of increasing physical endurance and activity.

The paper presents comparative characteristics of methods of classical and vacuum crystallography, based on the analysis of slides of major salivary glands secretion of 40 healthy individuals. Morphometric analysis of crystallograms was carried out by the “Video Test” (×100). The results of the study demonstrate that the slides with salivary secretion samples of the same person, dried naturally and in the vacuum chamber, have certain morphological features. Significant width increase of outer, intermediate and inner layers on slides, prepared by classic crystallography method, makes this analysis easier and more preferable in comparison with vacuum crystallography.