The published data on the structure and function of the pineal gland (PG) in terms of its relationship with the liquor system of the brain and on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a humoral environment of the organism, its role in the interaction of regulatory systems, state of the blood-brain barrier are systematized, summarized and analyzed in the review. Close functional relationship of PG as a neuroendocrine gland and a CSF as humoral environment of the nervous system have been established. The data on the morphofunctional interaction of PG and liquor system can justify the relevance of the study of the parenteral administration of xenogenic CSF effect on the morphology of PG that has not been done previously. It is possible to develop biological products based on the CSF of cattle to correct various neuro-immune-endocrine violations in medicine and veterinary.

The main stages of intracerebral blood vessels development in the antenatal period are clarified on the study of the literature. Violation of the primary capillaries differentiation into arteries and veins in the brain explains the formation of such malformations as arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Information about AVM is systematized and expanded with data on the basis of spiral computed angiography of brain vessels. The main components of AVM, the types of the arteries supplying them, variants of the venous blood, as well as localization and size are studied. Thus, knowledge of the development of intracerebral blood vessels facilitates the understanding of the mechanism of formation and anatomy of the AVM.

In the experiment was studied a population of mast cells of jejunum Mongolian gerbils Meriones unguiculatus after simulation the physiological effects of weightlessness. It was shown, that a 30-day antiorthostatic posting led to quantitative and qualitative changes in the population of mast cells, which were found in the age structure, a ratio of morphological forms, the mechanisms of release of secretory products and intensity biosynthesis of heparin. The increased activity of mast cell degranulation in the model experiment evidence of increasing their participation in the regulation of adaptive mechanisms in response to condition of simulating the effects of weightlessness. In the work shows the morphological evidence of functional cooperation of mast cells to enhance the processes of liberization of biosynthesis product, and the signs of mechanism of degranulation depending on the number of sulfate groups in the molecules of heparin.

Morphological features of breast tissue in normal and fibrocystic breast disease in women at different ages have been studied. After analyzing the data found that with age in healthy gland the proportion of fibrous tissue is constantly decreasing. The area of ducts increases in women between the ages of 17 to 40 years and subsequently remains at a high level. The number of lobules veraciously increases in the period from 31 to 40 years, then decreases, reaching a minimum in patients older than 66 years. In the group of women, suffering from fibrocystic breast disease, there is a high degree of fibrous and glandular components in all age periods. At the age of 17 to 30 years, the increase in the area of single and group ducts characterizes ductal hyperplasia, and the increase of lobules percentage - lobular hyperplasia. A study of quantitative morphological parameters (area of ducts, lobules; the proportion of fibrous, glandular and adipose tissue) of the breast tissue in different periods of life in normal conditions and in the presence of fibrocystic breast disease sustainable, age-dependent parameters were identified.

Much attention is paid to the so-called minor anomalies of the heart (MAH) in recent decades. MAH are a heterogeneous group of morphological changes of heart and great vessels, which do not lead to severe disorders of the cardiovascular system. It has been established that the presence of these structures significantly more often observed in patients with migraine, ischemic stroke and pulmonary embolism. Besides, the dependence of the MAH prevalence on the degree of population urbanization taking into account the influence of environmental factors on the residents of large cities is in current interest. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of morphological features of the heart mentioned above during the total screening echocardiography examination of children and adolescents decreed age groups (7 and 14 years), living in the cities and towns of Voronezh region and rural areas. The frequency of MAH in these age groups, the analysis of changes in their frequency depending on the place of residence, factors ecological environment were established.

Constitutional somatotypes representation were determined in mature women by method of I. Galant - B. Nikitjuk - V. Chtecov with 10 indications. It was noted predominance of megalosomic (33.6±0.1%) and mezosomic (32.1±0.1%) constitutional groups over leptosomic (20.2±3.1%) and indefinite (14.1±0.1%) constitution. It was determined age-related increasing of the megalosomic somatotypes and reducing of the leptosomic constitutional groups. The content of various somatotype was determinated in each constitutional category.

The article presents the results of mathematical modeling of the dynamics characteristics of the contour cells, nuclear-cytoplasmic index and the level of protein synthesis, presented in the form of equations and three-dimensional surfaces. When aseptic course and the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to increase the area corresponds to an increase of the optical density of the RNA and nuclear-cytoplasmic indicator. When this process is applied purulent PRP led to an increase in the proportion of destructive forms of neurons. Combined use hydropressive sanitation and PRP have the most harmonious effect on the formation of the optimal values corresponding to the maximum area of cells with an average nuclear-cytoplasmic index and the optical density of the RNA with the extreme values of the indicators correspond to the shape of neurons with various degenerative changes. This can be seen as a confirmation of the most appropriate use of this method in the regional treatment of purulent wounds.

Interpretation of ultrasound findings of the thyroid gland taking into account the region of residence is one of the important problems of modern medicine. Ultrasonic examination of the thyroid gland was held in 2140 people aged 17-45 years. Echography was performed according to V. V. Mit'kov (2011) method. the Echostructure of organ, linear dimensions, volume, type of structure and symmetry of lobes were evaluated. The size of the thyroid gland were examined in healthy men and women comparing with the standards developed for residents of other regions of Russia, were slightly below. Averages, minimum and maximum values of thyroid volume in men were estimated at 11.70±0.43 cm³; 7.70 cm³ and 19.11 cm³; in women - 9.37±0.28 cm³; 5.33 cm³, 14.40 cm³. The shape of the both lobes of the thyroid gland in healthy individuals is mainly represented by a type in which the width exceeds the thickness. In examined healthy men and women right-sided asymmetry of the thyroid gland has been determined. The severity of asymmetry is prevalent in men (p<0.05). Pathological changes of the parenchyma of the thyroid gland among residents of the Rostov region are mainly represented by a diffuse goiter and focal changes of a benign nature. The regional features of the thyroid gland structure the among residents of the Rostov region have been determined in the norm as well as pathologic changes of its parenchyma.

In experiment on the laboratory animals effect of osteoconduktive substitutes influence on bone tissue was investigated. We were used the osteoplastic material, containing heterological cortical-spongious bone mix in granules 250-1000 μm in size and the same material, but in a combination with PRP-membrane, which is plasma riches with platelets of recipient in the conditions of artificially reparation of a bone tissue defect. Results were estimated microscopically at various dates after operation. At a comparative assessment of the slides it is established that application of the osteoplastic material in a combination with PRP-membrane is the most effective.

We studied the morphology and topography of the parietal lymph nodes of the human thorax. The relationships of the lymph vessels of the chest to the lymph nodes of the chest and abdominal cavities have been revealed.

We studied the features of the posterior wall topography of the inguinal canal in the lipoma. It was examined 40 non-fixed corpses of males with oblique inguinal hernias. The linear size of the deep inguinal ring, inguinal gap and the muscles of the upper wall of the inguinal canal have been determined. In people with the presence of the spermatic cord lipoma (45%) maximum values (2.6±0.6 см) of the length of deep inguinal ring (2.6 ± 0.6 cm) and the height of the inguinal period (2.7 ± 0.3 cm) were observed, as well as minimum figures in total thickness of the muscle of the upper wall of the inguinal canal (0.7±0.1 cm). Lipoma of the spermatic cord predisposes to the breach of the inguinal canals posterior wall topography and must be removed when herniotomy inguinal hernia repair.

In teaching of students strengthens the role of independent work. At the departments anatomical profile successfully implemented all the basic types of independent work. We have prepared methodical recommendations, manuals, and collections of case studies, tests, tutorials and presentations. The correct organization independent work is essential for effective perception of educational material, raising cognitive interest, and the formation of competencies.