Свойства тканенеспецифической щелочной фосфатазы семенников млекопитающих

Ферментативные системы живых организмов катализируют биохимические реакции и являются важным компонентом функционирования органов и систем. Щелочная фосфатаза (ЩФ) локализована на плазматических мембранах клеток и катализирует гидролиз фосфоэфирной связи. Этот фермент обнаружен в печени, костях, почках, кишечнике, плаценте и во многих других органах и тканях. Уровни активности ЩФ могут изменяться при различных заболеваниях. Несмотря на универсальность механизма действия, функция ЩФ изучена недостаточно. Приведена характеристика изоферментов ЩФ как тканенеспецифической, так и тканеспецифических: кишечной, зародышевой, плацентарной. Выполнен анализ литературных данных по изучению функции тканенеспецифической ЩФ в кальцификации костей, в накоплении клетками жировой ткани триглицеридов, в эмбриональном развитии и при сперматогенезе. В обзоре представлен анализ данных о локализации ЩФ в семенниках млекопитающих. ЩФ выявлена в перитубулярных клетках семенных канальцев, в сперматогониях. Слабая реактивность на ЩФ была в клетках Сертоли. Фермент имеет видовую специфичность: его обнаружили в семенниках крыс, мышей, собак, морских свинок и яичках человека. У хомяков, кроликов, летучих мышей ЩФ нет. Охарактеризована молекулярная структура ЩФ и ее свойства по отношению к стандартным ингибиторам. Однако влияние фермента на дифференцировку первичных половых клеток, на созревание клеток сперматогенеза в семенниках млекопитающих не изучено. Необходимо проведение дальнейших исследований по установлению роли ЩФ в физиологии клеток и тканей репродуктивной системы, включая мейоз половых клеток.

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