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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2026-15-1-85-94</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2223</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клеточные и молекулярные механизмы нейропластичности, эксайтотоксичности и нейродегенерации при коронавирусной инфекции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroplasticity, Excitotoxicity, and Neurodegeneration in Coronavirus Infection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-3629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>А. O.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлов Александр Олегович – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней</p><p>пр-т. Острякова, 2, Владивосток, 690002</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr O. Mikhailov – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases Department</p><p>pr-t. Ostryakova, 2, Vladivostok, 690002</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mao1991@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Pacific State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Михайлов А.O., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайлов А.O.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhailov A.O.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2223">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2223</self-uri><abstract><p>Неврологические осложнения COVID-19, особенно в рамках постковидного синдрома, представляют собой серьезную проблему мирового здравоохранения. Патофизиологические основы этих состояний остаются не до конца изученными. Цель данного обзора – систематизировать и проанализировать современные данные о взаимосвязанных клеточных и молекулярных механизмах эксайтотоксичности, нейродегенерации и нарушений нейропластичности, лежащих в основе поражения центральной нервной системы (ЦНС) при инфекции SARS-CoV-2. Для подготовки обзора был проведен систематический поиск литературы в базах данных PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, а также с использованием поисковой системы Google Scholar для расширения охвата и включения российских научных публикаций. Поиск осуществлялся по ключевым словам на английском и русском языках (“COVID-19”, “нейровоспаление”, “excitotoxicity”, “нейродегенерация”, “neuroplasticity” и их комбинациям), что первоначально выявило 762 публикации. После удаления дубликатов и скрининга названий и аннотаций для углубленного анализа было отобрано 215 статей. На этапе полного прочтения были исключены работы, не содержащие данных о фундаментальных механизмах, а также краткие сообщения. В итоговый синтез вошли 80 наиболее релевантных источников, включая международные и отечественные исследования. Анализ показал, что индуцированное вирусом нейровоспаление является центральным звеном, запускающим глутаматную дисрегуляцию и эксайтотоксический каскад, приводящий к острой гибели нейронов. Эти процессы, в свою очередь, способствуют развитию долгосрочных нейродегенеративных изменений. Установлено, что совокупное действие этих факторов приводит к глубокому нарушению синаптической и структурной нейропластичности, что является молекулярной основой стойких когнитивных и аффективных расстройств. Понимание этого патологического континуума необходимо для разработки эффективных нейропротекторных стратегий.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Neurological complications of COVID-19, particularly as part of the post-COVID-19 syndrome, represent a major global public health concern. The pathophysiological underpinnings of these conditions remain incompletely understood. The aim of this review is to systematize and analyze the current data on the interconnected cellular and molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and impaired neuroplasticity underlying the central nervous system (CNS) damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection. For this review, a systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, as well as using the Google Scholar search engine to broaden the scope and include Russian scientific publications. The search was performed using keywords in both English and Russian ("COVID-19", "neuroinflammation", "excitotoxicity", "нейродегенерация", "neuroplasticity", and their combinations), which initially yielded 762 publications. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, 215 articles were selected for in-depth analysis. During the full-text review, articles lacking data on fundamental mechanisms and brief communications were excluded. The final synthesis included 80 of the most relevant sources, comprising both international and Russian studies. The analysis revealed that virus-induced neuroinflammation is a pivotal element that triggers glutamate dysregulation and an excitotoxic cascade, leading to acute neuronal death. These processes, in turn, contribute to the development of long-term neurodegenerative changes. The cumulative effect of these factors was found to cause a profound disruption of synaptic and structural neuroplasticity, which constitutes the molecular basis for persistent cognitive and affective disorders. Understanding this pathological continuum is essential for developing effective neuroprotective strategies.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>нейродегенерация</kwd><kwd>нейропластичность</kwd><kwd>эксайтотоксичность</kwd><kwd>нейровоспаление</kwd><kwd>когнитивные функции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronavirus infection</kwd><kwd>neurodegeneration</kwd><kwd>neuroplasticity</kwd><kwd>excitotoxicity</kwd><kwd>neuroinflammation</kwd><kwd>cognitive functions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евдокименко А.Н., Ануфриев П.Л., Каниболоцкий А.А., Келли Е.И. 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