<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2026-15-1-30-37</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2217</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анатомическое обоснование сохранения чувствительности при реконструкции груди раздельным торакодорзальным лоскутом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Anatomical Rationale for Sensory Preservation in Breast Reconstruction Using a Split Thoracodorsal Flap</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-4491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунов</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunov</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горбунов Николай Станиславович – д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры оперативной хирургии и топографической анатомии</p><p>ул. Партизана Железняка, 1, Красноярск, 660022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai S. Gorbunov – Dr. Sci (Med.), Professor of the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy</p><p>ul. Partizana Zheleznyaka, 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorbunov_ns@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-182X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобер</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kober</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кобер Кристина Владимировна – канд. мед. наук, онколог-хирург</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina V. Kober – Cand. Sci (Med.), oncologist-surgeon</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k-kober@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5988-1688</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каспаров</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasparov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каспаров Эдуард Вильямович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, директор</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eduard V. Kasparov – Dr. Sci (Med.), Professor, Director</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rsimpn@scn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-7379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ростовцев</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rostovtsev</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ростовцев Сергей Иванович, д-р мед. наук, доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei I. Rostovtsev – Dr. Sci (Med.)., Assoc. Prof., of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rostovcev.1960@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5570-5425</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунов</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горбунов Дмитрий Николаевич – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры сердечно-сосудистой хирургии</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii N. Gorbunov – Cand. Sci (Med.), Assoc. Prof. of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Dr_gorbunov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6580-0591</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедева Дарья Николаевна – ассистент кафедры анатомии человека, оперативной хирургии и судебной медицины</p><p>Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dar'ya N. Lebedeva – Assist. of the Department of Human Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Forensic Medicine</p><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bolonevadasha@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5153-2566</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галеева</surname><given-names>О. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galeeva</surname><given-names>O. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Галеева Ольга Павловна – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры анатомии человека, оперативной хирургии и судебной медицины</p><p>Иркутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ol'ga P. Galeeva – Cand. Sci (Med.), Assoc. Prof. of the Department of Human Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Forensic Medicine</p><p>Irkutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olenkagaleeva1951@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский краевой клинический онкологический диспансер им. А.И. Крыжановского</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.I. Kryzhanovsky Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensar</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт медицинских проблем Севера Красноярского научного центра РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Горбунов Н.С., Кобер К.В., Каспаров Э.В., Ростовцев С.И., Горбунов Д.Н., Лебедева Д.Н., Галеева О.П., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Горбунов Н.С., Кобер К.В., Каспаров Э.В., Ростовцев С.И., Горбунов Д.Н., Лебедева Д.Н., Галеева О.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gorbunov N.S., Kober K.V., Kasparov E.V., Rostovtsev S.I., Gorbunov D.N., Lebedeva D.N., Galeeva O.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2217">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2217</self-uri><abstract><p>Аутотрансплантация торакодорзального лоскута с полным сохранением его чувствительности является актуальной проблемой реконструктивной маммопластики.</p><p>Цель исследования – изучить особенности строения и пространственного взаимоотношения латеральных кожных грудных ветвей (ЛКГВ) межреберных нервов Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 и грудоспинного нерва (ГСН) у женщин с позиции иннервации торакодорзального лоскута.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. У 39 трупов женщин (57–97 лет) выполнили анатомическое препарирование ЛКГВ межреберных нервов Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 и ГСН на всем протяжении. Определяли координаты начальных точек отхождения нервов относительно ключицы и топографических линий, измеряли диаметр, длину, направления и углы наклона в анатомических плоскостях. С помощью внутриствольного препарирования у ГСН выявили количество пучков, их диаметр, локализацию и функциональную принадлежность.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. ЛКГВ межреберных нервов Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 у женщин длиной 2,6 [1,5; 3,2] см отходят от основных стволов между среднеключичной и передней подмышечной линиями наружу и делятся на переднюю и заднюю ветви. Первые ориентируются медиально, в косо-нисходящем направлении под углом 50°[42°; 55°] и иннервируют кожу до окологрудинной линии, а вторые – разворачиваются, ориентируются кзади в косо-восходящем направлении под углом 44°[36°; 49°] (р&lt;0,001) и иннервируют кожу до задней подмышечной линии. Общая длина ЛКГВ и их передних ветвей равняется 7,7 [6,4; 8,5] см, ЛКГВ и задних – 7,5 [6,6; 8,6] см (р=0,825), передних и задних – 10,3 [10,0; 10,6] см (р&lt;0,001). ГСН является смешанным, отходит от заднего пучка плечевого сплетения между среднеключичной и передней подмышечной линиями, ниже ключицы на 3,0 [2,2; 3,5] см и на глубине 4,3 [3,8; 5,0] см. Во фронтальной плоскости нерв отклоняется от вертикальной линии латерально под углом 40°[30°; 45°] и в сагиттальной – кзади под углом 30°[20°; 35°]. Он состоит из одного двигательного пучка диаметром 0,3 [0,30; 0,35] мм, который располагается в задне-латеральной части и одного–трех чувствительных – диаметром 0,25 [0,25; 0,30] мм (р=0,005), имеющих передне-медиальное расположение.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Разные размеры, пространственное расположение и функция ЛКГВ межреберных нервов Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 и ГСН являются анатомической основой сохранения чувствительности при использовании раздельного торакодорзального лоскута в реконструктивной маммопластике.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Autotransplantation of the thoracodorsal flap with complete preservation of its sensitivity is a pressing issue in reconstructive mammoplasty.</p><p>The aim was to study the structural features and spatial relationships of the lateral cutaneous branches (LCBs) of the intercostal nerves Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 and the thoracodorsal nerve (TDN) in women from the perspective of innervation of the thoracodorsal flap.</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Anatomical dissection of the LCBs of the intercostal nerves Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 and the TDN along their entire course was carried out in 39 female cadavers (57–97 years of age). The coordinates of the nerve origin points were determined in relation to the clavicle and topographic landmarks. The diameter, length, direction, and angles of inclination in the anatomical planes were measured. Intrafascicular dissection was performed to identify the number of fascicles in the thoracodorsal nerve, along with their diameter, location, and functional type.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In women, the LCBs of the intercostal nerves Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 measure 2.6 [1.5; 3.2] cm in length. They arise from the main nerve trunks between the midclavicular and anterior axillary lines, run laterally, and divide into anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branches are directed medially in an oblique downward course at an angle of 50° [42°; 55°], supplying the skin up to the parasternal line. The posterior branches turn posteriorly, follow an oblique upward course at an angle of 44° [36°; 49°] (p&lt;0.001), and supply the skin up to the posterior axillary line. The combined length of the LCBs and their anterior branches is 7.7 [6.4; 8.5] cm; the combined length of the LCBs and their posterior branches is 7.5 [6.6; 8.6] cm (p=0.825); and the combined length of the anterior and posterior branches is 10.3 [10.0; 10.6] cm (p&lt;0.001). The TDN is a mixed nerve. It arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus between the midclavicular and anterior axillary lines, located 3.0 [2.2; 3.5] cm below the clavicle and at a depth of 4.3 [3.8; 5.0] cm. In the frontal plane, the nerve deviates laterally from the vertical line at an angle of 40° [30°; 45°]; in the sagittal plane, it deviates posteriorly at an angle of 30° [20°; 35°]. The nerve consists of one motor fascicle with a diameter of 0.3 [0.30; 0.35] mm, located in the posterolateral portion, and one to three sensory fascicles with a diameter of 0.25 [0.25; 0.30] mm (p=0.005), which are situated anteromedially.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The differences in size, spatial distribution, and function between the LCBs of the intercostal nerves Th5, Th6, Th7, Th8, Th9 and the thoracodorsal nerve provide the anatomical basis for preserving sensation when the split thoracodorsal flap is used in reconstructive breast surgery.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>межреберные нервы</kwd><kwd>латеральная кожная грудная ветвь</kwd><kwd>грудоспинной нерв</kwd><kwd>раздельный торакодорзальный лоскут</kwd><kwd>маммопластика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intercostal nerves</kwd><kwd>lateral cutaneous thoracic branch</kwd><kwd>thoracodorsal nerve</kwd><kwd>thoracodorsal flap</kwd><kwd>mammaplasty</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбунов Н.С., Кобер К.В., Каспаров Э.В., Ростовцев С.И., Горбунов Д.Н., Лебедева Д.Н. Анатомическое обоснование грудоспинного нерва как нерва-донора и мышечно-кожного нерва как нерва-реципиента. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2025;24(4):14–20. doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2025-4-14-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbunov NS, Kober KV, Kasparov EV Anatomicheskie osobennosti vyyavleniya dliny grudospinnogo nerva v kachestve nerva-donora [Anatomical features of identifying the length of the thoracospinal nerve as a donor nerve]. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2025;24(4):14–20. (In Russ.). doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2025-4-14-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anthony DJ, Basnayake BMOD, Ganga NMG, Mathangasinghe Y, Malalasekera AP. An improved technical trick for identification of the thoracodorsal nerve during axillary clearance surgery: a cadaveric dissection study. Patient Saf Surg. 2018 Jun 26;12:18. doi: 10.1186/s13037-018-0164-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anthony DJ, Basnayake BMOD, Ganga NMG, Mathangasinghe Y, Malalasekera AP. An improved technical trick for identification of the thoracodorsal nerve during axillary clearance surgery: a cadaveric dissection study. Patient Saf Surg. 2018 Jun 26;12:18. doi: 10.1186/s13037-018-0164-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atamian EK, Smith ML. Optimizing aesthetic results in autologous breast reconstruction. Gland Surg. 2023 Aug 30;12(8):1110-1121. doi: 10.21037/gs-22-647.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atamian EK, Smith ML. Optimizing aesthetic results in autologous breast reconstruction. Gland Surg. 2023 Aug 30;12(8):1110-1121. doi: 10.21037/gs-22-647.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banys-Paluchowski M, Brus L, Krawczyk N, Kopperschmidt SV, Gasparri ML, Bündgen N. Latissimus dorsi flap for breast reconstruction: a large single-institution evaluation of surgical outcome and complications. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024 Jan;309(1):269-280. doi: 10.1007/s00404-023-07186-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banys-Paluchowski M, Brus L, Krawczyk N, Kopperschmidt SV, Gasparri ML, Bündgen N. Latissimus dorsi flap for breast reconstruction: a large single-institution evaluation of surgical outcome and complications. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024 Jan;309(1):269-280. doi: 10.1007/s00404-023-07186-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beugels J, Cornelissen AJM, Spiegel AJ, Heuts EM, Piatkowski A, van der Hulst RRWJ, Tuinder SMH. Sensory recovery of the breast after innervated and non-innervated autologous breast reconstructions: A systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017 Sep;70(9):1229-1241. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.05.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beugels J, Cornelissen AJM, Spiegel AJ, Heuts EM, Piatkowski A, van der Hulst RRWJ, Tuinder SMH. Sensory recovery of the breast after innervated and non-innervated autologous breast reconstructions: A systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2017 Sep;70(9):1229-1241. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.05.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bubberman JM, Brandts L, van Kuijk SMJ, van der Hulst RRWJ, Tuinder SMH. The efficacy of sensory nerve coaptation in DIEP flap breast reconstruction - Preliminary results of a doubleblind randomized controlled trial. Breast. 2024 Apr;74:103691. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2024.103691.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bubberman JM, Brandts L, van Kuijk SMJ, van der Hulst RRWJ, Tuinder SMH. The efficacy of sensory nerve coaptation in DIEP flap breast reconstruction - Preliminary results of a doubleblind randomized controlled trial. Breast. 2024 Apr;74:103691. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2024.103691.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang EI. Advances in Microsurgical Treatment Options to Optimize Autologous Free Flap Breast Reconstruction. J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 24;13(19):5672. doi: 10.3390/jcm13195672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang EI. Advances in Microsurgical Treatment Options to Optimize Autologous Free Flap Breast Reconstruction. J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 24;13(19):5672. doi: 10.3390/jcm13195672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang TN, Lu JC, Sung CW, Illias AM, Cheong DC, Kao SW. Elongation of intercostal nerve cutaneous branches for breast and nipple neurotization during breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer: case-control study. Br J Surg. 2024 Jan 31;111(2):znae005. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znae005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang TN, Lu JC, Sung CW, Illias AM, Cheong DC, Kao SW. Elongation of intercostal nerve cutaneous branches for breast and nipple neurotization during breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer: case-control study. Br J Surg. 2024 Jan 31;111(2):znae005. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znae005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escandón JM, Manrique OJ, Christiano JG, Mroueh V, Prieto PA, Gooch JC, Weiss A, Langstein HN. Breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap: a comprehensive review and case series. Ann Transl Med. 2023 Aug 30;11(10):355. doi: 10.21037/atm-23-469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Escandón JM, Manrique OJ, Christiano JG, Mroueh V, Prieto PA, Gooch JC, Weiss A, Langstein HN. Breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap: a comprehensive review and case series. Ann Transl Med. 2023 Aug 30;11(10):355. doi: 10.21037/atm-23-469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujita Y, Matsunaga N, De Kerckhove M, Tomita S, Fujii M, Terao Y. Animation of latissimus dorsi flap in breast reconstruction: a retrospective analysis based on 203 cases. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2024 Oct 15;59:128-131. doi: 10.2340/jphs.v59.39952.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujita Y, Matsunaga N, De Kerckhove M, Tomita S, Fujii M, Terao Y. Animation of latissimus dorsi flap in breast reconstruction: a retrospective analysis based on 203 cases. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2024 Oct 15;59:128-131. doi: 10.2340/jphs.v59.39952.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardetto A, Hörmann R, Pfitscher K, Konschake M, Stofferin H. Anatomical mapping of the 4th intercostal nerve's lateral cutaneous branch in both sexes: implications for advanced breast Reconstruction. Surg Radiol Anat. 2024 Dec;46(12):2019-2026. doi: 10.1007/s00276-024-03507-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardetto A, Hörmann R, Pfitscher K, Konschake M, Stofferin H. Anatomical mapping of the 4th intercostal nerve's lateral cutaneous branch in both sexes: implications for advanced breast Reconstruction. Surg Radiol Anat. 2024 Dec;46(12):2019-2026. doi: 10.1007/s00276-024-03507-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gesslbauer B, Hruby LA, Roche AD, Farina D, Blumer R, Aszmann OC. Axonal components of nerves innervating the human arm. Ann Neurol. 2017 Sep;82(3):396-408. doi: 10.1002/ana.25018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gesslbauer B, Hruby LA, Roche AD, Farina D, Blumer R, Aszmann OC. Axonal components of nerves innervating the human arm. Ann Neurol. 2017 Sep;82(3):396-408. doi: 10.1002/ana.25018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghumman A, Kim PJ, McAlpine K, Meng F, Snell L, Lipa J. Sensory restoration following breast reconstruction with operative reinnervation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2025 Mar;102:412-425. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.10.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghumman A, Kim PJ, McAlpine K, Meng F, Snell L, Lipa J. Sensory restoration following breast reconstruction with operative reinnervation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2025 Mar;102:412-425. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.10.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heine N, Eigenberger A, Brebant V, Hoesl V, Brix E, Prantl L, Kempa S. Comparison of skin sensitivity following breast reconstruction with three different techniques: Autologous fat grafting, DIEP flap and expander/implant1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2022;80(4):389-397. doi: 10.3233/CH219203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heine N, Eigenberger A, Brebant V, Hoesl V, Brix E, Prantl L, Kempa S. Comparison of skin sensitivity following breast reconstruction with three different techniques: Autologous fat grafting, DIEP flap and expander/implant1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2022;80(4):389-397. doi: 10.3233/CH219203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laurent R, Trifan A, Danino AD, Paek LS, Schoucair R, Pauchot J, Bernier C, Briand E, Danino MA. Autogenous breast reconstruction for total mastectomies: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2024 Feb 1;12(1):9. doi: 10.21037/atm-23-1471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laurent R, Trifan A, Danino AD, Paek LS, Schoucair R, Pauchot J, Bernier C, Briand E, Danino MA. Autogenous breast reconstruction for total mastectomies: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 2024 Feb 1;12(1):9. doi: 10.21037/atm-23-1471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Araújo Pereira Lisboa FC, Paulinelli RR, Campos Veras LP, Jubé Ribeiro LF, Pádua Oliveira LF, Sousa Rahal RM, Sousa AG, Freitas-Júnior R, Batista de Sousa J. Aesthetic results were more satisfactory after oncoplastic surgery than after total breast reconstruction according to patients and surgeons. Breast. 2023 Oct;71:47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.07.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Araújo Pereira Lisboa FC, Paulinelli RR, Campos Veras LP, Jubé Ribeiro LF, Pádua Oliveira LF, Sousa Rahal RM, Sousa AG, Freitas-Júnior R, Batista de Sousa J. Aesthetic results were more satisfactory after oncoplastic surgery than after total breast reconstruction according to patients and surgeons. Breast. 2023 Oct;71:47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2023.07.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma Y, Khan MAA, Javed AA, Mohan A, Bhatti D, Khalil N, Rayatt S. Somato-somatic theory of referred pain elucidates observations of referred sensations during micropigmentation of nippleareolar complex in a cohort study on patients undergoing pedicled latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2022 Jun;67(3):140-147. doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2022.03.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma Y, Khan MAA, Javed AA, Mohan A, Bhatti D, Khalil N, Rayatt S. Somato-somatic theory of referred pain elucidates observations of referred sensations during micropigmentation of nippleareolar complex in a cohort study on patients undergoing pedicled latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2022 Jun;67(3):140-147. doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2022.03.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Potter SM, Ferris SI. Vascularized Thoracodorsal to Suprascapular Nerve Transfer, a Novel Technique to Restore Shoulder Function in Partial Brachial Plexopathy. Front Surg. 2016 Mar 14;3:17. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potter SM, Ferris SI. Vascularized Thoracodorsal to Suprascapular Nerve Transfer, a Novel Technique to Restore Shoulder Function in Partial Brachial Plexopathy. Front Surg. 2016 Mar 14;3:17. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2016.00017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Romansky R. Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal) flap - the universal reconstructive tool. Sofia: [publisher not specified]; 2022. 72 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romansky R. Latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal) flap - the universal reconstructive tool. Sofia: [publisher not specified]; 2022. 72 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sapino G, Tay SK, Maruccia M, Nanhekhan L, Watfa W, Mantovani GP, Guillier D, Tedeschi P, Bramhall R, Di Summa PG. Abdominal-Based Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: How to Inset the Flap to Maximize the Aesthetic Result-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2023 Sep 22;12(19):6135. doi: 10.3390/jcm12196135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sapino G, Tay SK, Maruccia M, Nanhekhan L, Watfa W, Mantovani GP, Guillier D, Tedeschi P, Bramhall R, Di Summa PG. Abdominal-Based Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: How to Inset the Flap to Maximize the Aesthetic Result-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med. 2023 Sep 22;12(19):6135. doi: 10.3390/jcm12196135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sepolvere G, Blanco R. Anterior and posterior chest wall blocks. In: Sepolvere G, Silvetti S, editors. Fast-track in cardiac anesthesia. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. [chapter page range]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70899-2_8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sepolvere G, Blanco R. Anterior and posterior chest wall blocks. In: Sepolvere G, Silvetti S, editors. Fast-track in cardiac anesthesia. Cham: Springer; 2024. p. [chapter page range]. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70899-2_8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Silverstein ML, Momeni A. Restoring Sensation through Abdominal Flap Neurotization in Breast Reconstruction. J Clin Med. 2024 Jun 29;13(13):3826. doi: 10.3390/jcm13133826.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Silverstein ML, Momeni A. Restoring Sensation through Abdominal Flap Neurotization in Breast Reconstruction. J Clin Med. 2024 Jun 29;13(13):3826. doi: 10.3390/jcm13133826.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steele TN, Teotia SS, Haddock NT. Multi-Flap Microsurgical Autologous Breast Reconstruction. J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 9;13(17):5324. doi: 10.3390/jcm13175324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steele TN, Teotia SS, Haddock NT. Multi-Flap Microsurgical Autologous Breast Reconstruction. J Clin Med. 2024 Sep 9;13(17):5324. doi: 10.3390/jcm13175324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tokgöz S, Karaca Umay E, Yilmaz KB, Akkoca M, Akinci M, Azili C. Role of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring in Postoperative Muscle and Nerve Function of Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy. J Invest Surg. 2021 Jul;34(7):703- 710. doi: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1684603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokgöz S, Karaca Umay E, Yilmaz KB, Akkoca M, Akinci M, Azili C. Role of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring in Postoperative Muscle and Nerve Function of Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy. J Invest Surg. 2021 Jul;34(7):703- 710. doi: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1684603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voineskos SH, Olaiya OR, Tsangaris E, Kaur M, Klassen AF, Pusic AL. Comparing Breast Sensation between Alloplastic and Autologous Breast Reconstruction Patients Using the BREAST-Q Sensation Module. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Dec 1;150(6):1202e-1213e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000009723</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voineskos SH, Olaiya OR, Tsangaris E, Kaur M, Klassen AF, Pusic AL. Comparing Breast Sensation between Alloplastic and Autologous Breast Reconstruction Patients Using the BREAST-Q Sensation Module. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Dec 1;150(6):1202e-1213e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000009723</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
