<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2025-14-3-31-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2135</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Желточный мешок человека при физиологической беременности: гистологическое строение и связь с эмбриональной кишкой</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Human Yolk Sac During Physiological Pregnancy: Its Histological Structure and Relationship with the Primitive Gut</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6725-9445</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубинина</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubinina</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дубинина Наталья Николаевна – канд. биол. наук, доцент кафедры гистологии, эмбриологии и цитологии им. проф. М.Я. Субботина.</p><p>ул. Красный Проспект, д. 52, Новосибирск, 630091</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal'ya N. Dubinina – Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor at the Department of Histology, Embryology and Cytology, Novosibirsk State Medical University.</p><p>Krasnyi Prospekt ul., 52, Novosibirsk, 630091</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna.dubinina05@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7124-1969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айдагулова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aidagulova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Айдагулова Светлана Владимировна – д-р. биол. наук, профессор, зав. лабораторией клеточной биологии и фундаментальных основ репродукции.</p><p>ул. Красный Проспект, д. 52, Новосибирск, 630091</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Aidagulova – Doct. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Head of Laboratory of Cell Biology and Fundamental Principles of Reproduction, Novosibirsk State Medical University.</p><p>Krasnyi Prospekt ul., 52, Novosibirsk, 630091</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">asvetvlad@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дубинина Н.Н., Айдагулова С.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дубинина Н.Н., Айдагулова С.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dubinina N.N., Aidagulova S.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2135">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2135</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – изучить структурную организацию компартментов желточного мешка человека в первом триместре физиологической беременности и возможную связь органа с эмбриональной кишкой. Материал и методы. Исследовали 27 желточных мешков и 23 фрагмента тонкой кишки зародыша человека, полученные в результате прерывания физиологической беременности по желанию пациенток (срок 5–12 нед). Морфологические особенности органов изучали на серийных парафиновых срезах, окрашенных гематоксилином и эозином, а также по Маллори. Результаты. На ранних этапах развития человека стенка желточного мешка образована преимущественно эпителием энтодермального типа. Уникальной структурой органа является «гломус-подобное тело», имеющее складчатую форму и содержащее развитую капиллярную сеть. Желточный мешок связан с эмбриональной кишкой при помощи желточного протока, по которому содержимое органа до 6-й нед развития транспортируется в просвет кишки. В указанный период продолжается процесс формирования всех ее оболочек и рельефных образований. Микроворсинки на поверхности энтероцитов позволяют считать их клетками, занятыми в процессе абсорбции. Фиброз стенки желточного мешка и ее истончение, уменьшение размеров гломусного тела с одновременной облитерацией желточного протока свидетельствуют о завершении основных функций данного органа к концу первого триместра беременности. Заключение. Желточный мешок человека является уникальной по строению провизорной структурой, функционирующей в тесном взаимодействии с зародышевыми энтодермальными производными. Жизненный цикл желточного мешка подчиняется принципу опережающего развития, характерному для системы внезародышевых органов в целом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study is to investigate the structural organization of the human yolk sac compartments during the first trimester of physiological pregnancy and the potential connection of this organ to the primitive gut. Material and methods. 27 human yolk sacs and 23 fetal small intestine fragments obtained from voluntary termination of physiological pregnancy (gestational age: 5–12 weeks) were examined. The morphological features of the organs were studied on serial paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as with Mallory's stain. Results. In the early stages of human development, the wall of the yolk sac is primarily composed of an endodermal-type epithelium. A unique structure of this organ is the “glomus-like body”, which has a folded form and contains a developed capillary network. The yolk sac is connected to the primitive gut via the vitelline duct, through which the contents of the organ are transported into the intestinal lumen until the 6th week of development. During this period, the formation of all its layers and structural features continues. The presence of microvilli on the surface of the enterocytes suggests their involvement in the absorption process. Fibrosis and thinning of the yolk sac wall, reduction in the size of the glomus body, and simultaneous obliteration of the vitelline duct indicate the completion of the organ's primary functions by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion. The human yolk sac is a provisional structure with a unique organization, which functions in close interaction with embryonic endodermal derivatives. Its life cycle follows the principle of accelerated development, which is characteristic of the extraembryonic organ system as a whole.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>желточный мешок человека</kwd><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>гломус-подобное тело</kwd><kwd>желточный стебелек</kwd><kwd>эмбриональная кишка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human yolk sac</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>glomus-like body</kwd><kwd>vitelline duct</kwd><kwd>primitive gut</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дубинина Н.Н., Склянов Ю.И., Попп Е.А., Залавина С.В., Правоторов Г.В., Сажина Т.В. Гистогенетические параллели в дифференциации желточной энтодермы у некоторых позвоночных. Морфология. 2019;156(6):93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubinina NN, Sklyanov YuI, Popp EA, Zalavina SV, Pravotorov GV, Sazhina TV. Gistogeneticheskie paralleli v differentsiatsii zheltochnoi entodermy u nekotoryh pozvonochnyh. Mopfologija. 2019;156(6):93 (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дубинина Н.Н., Склянов Ю.И., Попп Е.А., Саматова И.М., Залавина С.В. Эхографическая и морфологическая оценка состояния некоторых внезародышевых органов человека при неразвивающейся беременности. Вестник Кыргызско-Российского Славянского университета. 2018;18(6):124-127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubinina NN, Sklyanov YuI, Popp EA, Samatova IM, Zalavina SV. Ehograficheskaja i morfologicheskaja otsenka sostojanija nekotoryh vnezarodyshevyh organov cheloveka pri nerazvivayushcheisja beremennosti. Vestnik Kyrgyzsko-Rossiiskogo Slavyanskogo universiteta. 2018;18(6):124-127. (In Russ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton GJ, Cindrova-Davies T, Turco MY. Review: Histotrophic nutrition and the placental-endometrial dialogue during human early pregnancy. Placenta. 2020;102:21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.02.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton GJ, Cindrova-Davies T, Turco MY. Review: Histotrophic nutrition and the placental-endometrial dialogue during human early pregnancy. Placenta. 2020;102:21-26. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.02.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burton GJ, Jauniaux E, Cindrova-Davies T, Turco MY. The human gestational sac as a choriovitelline placenta during early pregnancy; the secondary yolk sac and organoid models. Dev Biol. 2025;518:28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.11.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burton GJ, Jauniaux E, Cindrova-Davies T, Turco MY. The human gestational sac as a choriovitelline placenta during early pregnancy; the secondary yolk sac and organoid models. Dev Biol. 2025;518:28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.11.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Detti L, Francillon L, Christiansen ME, Peregrin-Alvarez I, Goedecke PJ, Bursac Z, Roman RA. Early pregnancy ultrasound measurements and prediction of first trimester pregnancy loss: A logistic model. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1545. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58114-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Detti L, Francillon L, Christiansen ME, Peregrin-Alvarez I, Goedecke PJ, Bursac Z, Roman RA. Early pregnancy ultrasound measurements and prediction of first trimester pregnancy loss: A logistic model. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1545. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58114-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donovan MF, Arbor TC, Bordoni B. Embryology, Yolk Sac. 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donovan MF, Arbor TC, Bordoni B. Embryology, Yolk Sac. 2023. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goh I, Botting RA, Rose A, Webb S, Engelbert J, Gitton Y, et al. Yolk sac cell atlas reveals multiorgan functions during human early development. Science. 2023;381(6659):eadd7564. doi: 10.1126/science.add7564.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goh I, Botting RA, Rose A, Webb S, Engelbert J, Gitton Y, et al. Yolk sac cell atlas reveals multiorgan functions during human early development. Science. 2023;381(6659):eadd7564. doi: 10.1126/science.add7564.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golub R, Cumano A. Embryonic hematopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2013; 51(4):226-31. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golub R, Cumano A. Embryonic hematopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2013; 51(4):226-31. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez-Crussi F, Roth LM. The human yolk sac and yolk sac carcinoma. An ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol. 1976;7(6):675-91. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(76)80079-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez-Crussi F, Roth LM. The human yolk sac and yolk sac carcinoma. An ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol. 1976;7(6):675-91. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(76)80079-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin ZW, Kim JH, Yamamoto M, Murakami G, Abe SI, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF. Topographical relationships of the yolk sac remnant and vitelline vessels with the midgut loop in the extraembryonic coelom of human embryos. Anat Cell Biol. 2022;55(3):356-366. doi: 10.5115/acb.22.054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin ZW, Kim JH, Yamamoto M, Murakami G, Abe SI, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF. Topographical relationships of the yolk sac remnant and vitelline vessels with the midgut loop in the extraembryonic coelom of human embryos. Anat Cell Biol. 2022;55(3):356-366. doi: 10.5115/acb.22.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi T, Zhang H, Tang WWC, Irie N, Withey S, Klisch D, et al. Principles of early human development and germ cell program from conserved model systems. Nature. 2017;546(7658):416-420. doi: 10.1038/nature22812.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi T, Zhang H, Tang WWC, Irie N, Withey S, Klisch D, et al. Principles of early human development and germ cell program from conserved model systems. Nature. 2017;546(7658):416-420. doi: 10.1038/nature22812.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzmina IV. The yolk sac as the main organ in the early stages of animal embryonic development. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1185286. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmina IV. The yolk sac as the main organ in the early stages of animal embryonic development. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1185286. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereda J, Corral E, Franchitto G. Emergence of a glomus-like body in the human yolk sac: a microanatomical analysis of its structure. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2005;110(2 Suppl 1):167-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereda J, Corral E, Franchitto G. Emergence of a glomus-like body in the human yolk sac: a microanatomical analysis of its structure. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2005;110(2 Suppl 1):167-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereda J, Correr S, Motta PM. The structure of the human yolk sac: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic analysis. Arch Histol Cytol. 1994;57(2):107-17. doi: 10.1679/aohc.57.107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereda J, Correr S, Motta PM. The structure of the human yolk sac: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic analysis. Arch Histol Cytol. 1994;57(2):107-17. doi: 10.1679/aohc.57.107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereda J, Monge JI, Niimi G.Two different pathways for the transport of primitive and definitive blood cells from the yolk sac to the embryo in humans. Microsc Res Tech. 2010;73:803–9. doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20823.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereda J, Monge JI, Niimi G.Two different pathways for the transport of primitive and definitive blood cells from the yolk sac to the embryo in humans. Microsc Res Tech. 2010;73:803–9. doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20823.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pereda J, Sulz L, Monge JI. The role of the gastrointestinal epithelium as a possible pathway for the transfer of nutrients to the embryo's circulation. Microsc Res Tech. 2015;78(6):500-7. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereda J, Sulz L, Monge JI. The role of the gastrointestinal epithelium as a possible pathway for the transfer of nutrients to the embryo's circulation. Microsc Res Tech. 2015;78(6):500-7. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ross C, Boroviak TE. Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3760. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17575-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ross C, Boroviak TE. Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3760. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17575-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shibata M, Makihara N, Iwasawa A. The Yolk Sac’s Essential Role in Embryonic Development. Rev. Agric. Sci. 2023;11:243–258. doi: 10.7831/ras.11.0_243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shibata M, Makihara N, Iwasawa A. The Yolk Sac’s Essential Role in Embryonic Development. Rev. Agric. Sci. 2023;11:243–258. doi: 10.7831/ras.11.0_243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spencer TE. Biological roles of uterine glands in pregnancy. Semin Reprod Med. 2014;32(5):346-57. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1376354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spencer TE. Biological roles of uterine glands in pregnancy. Semin Reprod Med. 2014;32(5):346-57. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1376354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suguna B, Sukanya K. Yolk sac size &amp; shape as predictors of first trimester pregnancy outcome: A prospective observational study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2019;48(3):159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.10.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suguna B, Sukanya K. Yolk sac size &amp; shape as predictors of first trimester pregnancy outcome: A prospective observational study. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2019;48(3):159-164. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2018.10.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ukeshima A, Hayashi Y, Fujimoto T. Surface morphology of the human yolk sac: endoderm and mesothelium. Arch Histol Jpn. 1986;49(4):483-94. doi: 10.1679/aohc.49.483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ukeshima A, Hayashi Y, Fujimoto T. Surface morphology of the human yolk sac: endoderm and mesothelium. Arch Histol Jpn. 1986;49(4):483-94. doi: 10.1679/aohc.49.483.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White M, Arif-Pardy J, Bloise E, Connor KL. Identification of novel nutrient sensitive human yolk sac functions required for embryogenesis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):29734. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81061-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White M, Arif-Pardy J, Bloise E, Connor KL. Identification of novel nutrient sensitive human yolk sac functions required for embryogenesis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):29734. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81061-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wittamer V, Bertrand JY. Yolk sac hematopoiesis: does it contribute to the adult hematopoietic system? Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77(20):4081-4091. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03527-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wittamer V, Bertrand JY. Yolk sac hematopoiesis: does it contribute to the adult hematopoietic system? Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77(20):4081-4091. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03527-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamane T. Cellular Basis of Embryonic Hematopoiesis and Its Implications in Prenatal Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9346. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249346</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamane T. Cellular Basis of Embryonic Hematopoiesis and Its Implications in Prenatal Erythropoiesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9346. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249346</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
