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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2025-14-2-88-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные представления о биотипе десны и методах его определения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Contemporary Concepts of Gingival Biotype and Its Assessment Methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5016-0633</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Удочкина</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Udochkina</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Удочкина Лариса Альбертовна – д-р. мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой анатомии человека</p><p>ул. Бакинская, 121, Астрахань, 414000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Лариса А. Удочкина – Doct. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Human Anatomy Department; Astrakhan State Medical University</p><p>ul. Bakinskaya, 121, Astrakhan, 414000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">udochkinlk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8704-6594</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тризно</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trizno</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тризно Матвей Николаевич – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры анатомии человека</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Matvei N. Trizno – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor at Human Anatomy Department</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pakotm@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Али Ахмед Гази Эльараби</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ali Akhmed Gazi El'arabi</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Али Ахмед Гази Элараби Сара – аспирант кафедры стоматологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии с курсом последипломного образования</p><p>Астрахань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sara Ali Akhmed Gazi Elarabi – postgraduate student at the Department of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery with a postgraduate course</p><p>Astrakhan</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Астраханский государственный медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Astrakhan State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Удочкина Л.А., Тризно М.Н., Али Ахмед Гази Эльараби С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Удочкина Л.А., Тризно М.Н., Али Ахмед Гази Эльараби С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Udochkina L.A., Trizno M.N., Ali Akhmed Gazi El'arabi S.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2106">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2106</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен анализ современной литературы, посвященной анатомии десны и методам исследования ее биотипа с целью анализа и систематизации данных. Поиск проводился по базам Elibrary.ru и Pubmed за период 2005–2025 гг. по ключевым словам «биотип десны», «патология пародонта», «методы исследования биотипа десны». Из 258 выявленных источников в обзор вошли 90 оригинальных исследований. Десна – одна из важнейших структур пародонта, обеспечивающего трофическую, барьерную, опорную, фиксирующую, амортизирующую и сенсорную функции. По морфофункциональному статусу десны, являющейся единственной видимой частью пародонта, легко доступной для исследования, можно судить о состоянии других пародонтальных тканей. Толщина десны является важным критерием ее биотипа и оказывает существенное влияние на результаты лечения патологии пародонта и имплантации. Выделяют два основных биотипа десны: толстый и тонкий, при этом некоторые авторы описывают также комбинированный тип. Различные биотипы десны по-разному реагируют на воспаление, воздействие агрессивных агентов, травматизацию. Для толстого биотипа десны свойственна значительная толщина кератинизированной десны (1,5–2 мм), невысокие широкие межзубные сосочки и небольшая кривизна десневого контура; для тонкого биотипа – незначительная толщина кератинизированной десны (около 1 мм), высокие межзубные сосочки, высокие и узкие коронки зубов, выраженная фестончатость десневого контура. Сведения о распространенности биотипов десны в популяции неоднозначны и противоречивы. Морфология десны играет важную роль в достижении долгосрочных результатов пародонтологического и ортодонтического лечения. Различные биотипы десны по-разному реагируют на воспаление, воздействие агрессивных агентов, травматизацию. Существует множество методов оценки биотипа десны, основанных на прямом измерении, трансгингивальном зондировании, ультразвуковом исследовании, методе прозрачности пародонтального зонда, конусно-лучевой компьютерной томографии, интраоральной и экстраоральной ультрасонографии, методе интраорального цифрового сканирования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper reviews modern literature on gingival anatomy and biotype assessment methods, with the goal of analyzing and systematizing the data. A literature search was performed in PubMed and Elibrary. ru (2005–2025) with the keywords: “gingival biotype”, “periodontal diseases” and “gingival biotype evaluation techniques”. From an initial pool of 258 sources, 90 original studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. The gingiva is one of the most important structures of the periodontium, providing trophic, barrier, supportive, stabilizing, shock-absorbing, and sensory functions. As the only visible part of the periodontium that is readily accessible for examination, the gingiva’s morphofunctional status can serve as an indicator of the condition of other periodontal tissues. Gingival thickness is a key criterion of its biotype and significantly influences treatment outcomes for periodontal pathology and dental implantation. The gingiva is classified into two main biotypes (thick and thin), with some studies identifying an intermediate category. Each biotype exhibits distinct inflammatory responses and susceptibility to harmful agents and traumatic injuries. A thick gingival biotype demonstrates considerable keratinized tissue thickness (1,5–2 mm) with squat, wide papillae and subtle curvature of the gingival margin. Conversely, thin biotypes exhibit about 1 mm keratinized tissue, highly scalloped margins, slender tooth crowns, and tall, narrow papillae. The reported prevalence of gingival biotypes varies considerably across studies. The morphological characteristics of gingival tissue are critical for predicting outcomes in periodontal therapy and orthodontic treatment. Different gingival biotypes exhibit distinct responses to inflammation, exposure to aggressive agents, and mechanical trauma. Numerous assessment methods exist for evaluating gingival biotype, including direct measurement, transgingival probing, ultrasonography, periodontal probe transparency technique, cone-beam computed tomography, intraoral and extraoral ultrasonography, and intraoral digital scanning.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>десна</kwd><kwd>периодонт</kwd><kwd>биотип десны</kwd><kwd>патология пародонта</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gingiva</kwd><kwd>periodontium</kwd><kwd>gingival biotype</kwd><kwd>periodontal pathology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арсенина О.И., Грудянов А.И., Надточий А.Г., Попова Н.В., Карпанова А.И. Совершенствование диагностики состояния тканей пародонта у пациентов с различным биотипом десны. 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