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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2025-14-2-63-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2103</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка количества митозов и многоядерных клеток опухоли при ВПЧ-ассоциированной и ВПЧ-независимой карциноме вульвы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of Mitotic Count and Multinucleated Tumor Cells in HPV-Associated and HPV-Independent Vulvar Carcinoma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-3463</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пахарукова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pakharukova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пахарукова Мария Игоревна – зав. лабораторией цитологии</p><p>ул. 8 Марта, 78в, Екатеринбург, 620144</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariya I. Pakharukova – Head of the Cytology Laboratory</p><p>ul. 8 Marta, 78v, Yekaterinburg, 620144</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pakharukovami@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-0099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юшков</surname><given-names>Б. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yushkov</surname><given-names>B. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юшков Борис Германович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН; зав. лабораторией иммунофизиологии и иммунофармакологии</p><p>Екатеринбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris G. Yushkov – Doct. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Immunophysiology and Immunopharmacology Laboratory</p><p>Yekaterinburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">b.yushkov@iip.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт иммунологии и физиологии, Уральское отделение Российской академии наук; Клинико-диагностический центр им. Я.Б. Бейкина</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the RAS; Y.B. Beikin Clinical and Diagnostic Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт иммунологии и физиологии, Уральское отделение Российской академии наук</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the RAS</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пахарукова М.И., Юшков Б.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пахарукова М.И., Юшков Б.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pakharukova M.I., Yushkov B.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2103">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2103</self-uri><abstract><p>Плоскоклеточные карциномы вульвы подразделяются на ассоциированные с вирусом папилломы человека (ВПЧ) и ВПЧ-независимые. Малоизученным остается вопрос о механизмах кацерогенеза данной локализации. Цель исследования – сравнить митотическую активность и количество многоядерных опухолевых клеток при ВПЧ-ассоциированной и ВПЧ-независимой карциноме вульвы. Материал и методы. В исследование ретроспективно включены 74 пациентки с впервые выявленной плоскоклеточной карциномой вульвы. Проводилось иммуногистохимическое исследование и типирование вируса методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Подсчет количества митозов (нормальных и патологических), а также многоядерных клеток проводился при ув. 400× в 20 полях зрения. Проводили оценку параметров в 74 образцах карцином, а также в участках нормальной ткани вне опухоли (n=18). Результаты. Частота встречаемости ВПЧ-ассоциированной карциномы вульвы составила 28,4% (n=21). ВПЧ- независимая карцинома выявлена в 53 случаях (71,6%). Пациентки с ВПЧ-ассоциированной карциномой вульвы были моложе (65 [57; 76] лет), чем пациентки с ВПЧ- независимой карциномой (75 [68; 72] лет). ВПЧ-ассоциированные опухоли в 71,4% случаев были диагностированы на более ранних стадиях заболевания (I–II стадия) по сравнению с ВПЧ-независимой карциномой вульвы (I–II стадия в 47% случаев). Общее количество митозов было статистически значимо выше при ВПЧ-ассоциированной карциноме (37 [31,25; 46,00]) по сравнению с ВПЧ-независимой карциномой (16,5 [12,00; 24,25]) и клетками нормальной ткани (2,0 [1,00; 3,00]). Количество атипичных фигур митоза статистически значимо чаще обнаруживалось в опухолевых клетках ВПЧ-ассоциированной карциномы (15,5 [10,00; 20,00]). Количество двуядерных или многоядерных опухолевых клеток было ниже при ВПЧ-независимом канцерогенезе (4,0 [2,00; 8,25]) по сравнению с вирус-ассоциированной опухолью (24,5 [23,25; 32,75]). ВПЧ-ассоциированные митозы обнаружены в 85,7% (n=18) образцах ВПЧ-ассоциированной карциномы вульвы. Заключение. Воздействие ВПЧ на эпителиальные клетки приводит к митотическим дефектам и возникновению многоядерных клеток опухоли. Для ВПЧ-ассоциированного канцерогенеза характерно наличие атипичных митозов, представляющие дополнительные палочки или точки хромосом вне основной митотической фигуры. Возникающая хромосомная нестабильность клеток и нарушение репарации ДНК может быть причиной лучшего ответа на радиационное лечение пациенток с ВПЧ-ассоциированными опухолями.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva are classified into human papillomavirus (HPV)- associated and HPV-independent types. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis at this site remain poorly understood. The aim of the study is to compare mitotic activity and the number of multinucleated tumor cells in HPV-associated and HPV-independent vulvar carcinoma. Material and methods. This retrospective study included 74 patients with newly diagnosed vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis and viral typing using polymerase chain reaction were performed. Quantification of mitotic figures (including atypical forms) and multinucleated tumor cells was conducted in 20 consecutive ×400 magnification fields. Evaluation included 74 tumor specimens and 18 matched normal tissue controls. Results. We observed HPV-positive status in 21 cases (28.4%), with 53 tumors (71.6%) classified as HPV-negative. HPV-positive patients showed younger age at diagnosis (65 [57–76] years) compared to HPV-negative cases (75 [68–82] years). HPV- associated tumors were diagnosed at earlier disease stages (Stage I-II) in 71.4% of cases compared to HPV- independent vulvar carcinomas (47% at Stage I-II). HPV-positive tumors demonstrated significantly elevated mitotic activity (37 [31.25–46.00]) versus HPV-negative cases (16.5 [12.00–24.25]); p&lt;0.001) and normal controls (2.0 [1.00–3.00]). The count of atypical mitoses was significantly higher in HPV-positive tumors (15.5 [10.00–20.00]) compared to HPV-negative cases (p&lt;0.001). The count of binucleated or multinucleated tumor cells was lower in HPV-independent carcinogenesis (4.0 [2.00–8.25]) compared to virus-associated tumors (24.5 [23.25–32.75]). HPV-associated mitotic figures were identified in 85.7% (n=18) of HPV-positive vulvar carcinoma samples. Conclusion. HPV infection results in abnormal mitoses and development of multinucleated malignant cells. HPV-driven tumors display pathognomonic aberrant mitoses with extrachromosomal chroma- tin fragments adjacent to the central spindle. HPV-associated tumors demonstrate enhanced radiosensitivity, likely due to their characteristic chromosomal instability and defective DNA repair mechanisms. Conclusion. HPV infection results in abnormal mitoses and development of multinucleated malignant cells. HPV-driven tumors display pathognomonic aberrant mitoses with extrachromosomal chromatin fragments adjacent to the central spindle. HPV-associated tumors demonstrate enhanced radiosensitivity, likely due to their characteristic chromosomal instability and defective DNA repair mechanisms.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус папилломы человека</kwd><kwd>плоскоклеточная карцинома</kwd><kwd>неоплазии вульвы</kwd><kwd>канцерогенез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human papillomavirus</kwd><kwd>squamous cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>vulvar neoplasms</kwd><kwd>carcinogenesis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ershov V.A. Kontseptsii geneza vpch-assotsiirovannoi tservikal'noi neoplazii. Novosti klinicheskoi tsitologii Rossii. 2021;25(1):20-29. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24412/1562-4943-2021-1-0004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershov V.A. Kontseptsii geneza vpch-assotsiirovannoi tservikal'noi neoplazii. 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