<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-4-45-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2025</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Индивидуальные различия в строении крыловидно-небной ямки черепа взрослого человека</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Individual Differences in the Structure of the Pterygopalatine Fossa of the Adult Skull</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9620-7810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьев</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokof'ev</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прокофьев Александр Сергеевич – старший преподаватель кафедры анатомии человека</p><p>ул. Делегатская, 20/1, Москва, 127473</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr S. Prokof'ev – Senior Lecturer of Human Anatomy Department</p><p>ul. Delegatskaya, 20/1, Moscow, 127473</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prokofev_aleksandr83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1689-8518</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макеева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makeeva</surname><given-names>E A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макеева Екатерина Александровна – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры анатомии человека</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina A. Makeeva – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of Human Anatomy Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makeevi@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9697-3383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрохина</surname><given-names>Е. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrokhina</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Митрохина Евгения Олеговна – преподаватель кафедры анатомии человека</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniya O. Mitrokhina – teaching assistant of HumanAnatomy Department</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Jony.Mitrokhina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет медицины</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Прокофьев А.С., Макеева Е.А., Митрохина Е.О., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Прокофьев А.С., Макеева Е.А., Митрохина Е.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Prokof'ev A.S., Makeeva E.A., Mitrokhina E.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2025">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2025</self-uri><abstract><p>Применение эндоскопической микрохирургической техники при ряде оперативных вмешательств на глубоких анатомических образованиях лица требует детальных знаний о форме и индивидуальной изменчивости размеров крыловидно-небной ямки, содержащей сосудистые и нервные структуры, в том числе крыловидно-небный узел, обеспечивающие кровоснабжение и иннервацию верхней части лица. Цель исследования – изучить индивидуальные различия формы и размеров крыловидно-небной ямки черепа взрослого человека. Материал и методы. Исследование проведено на 62 архивных сериях анонимных компьютерных томограмм (37 мужчин и 25 женщин), выполненных с шагом 0,5 мм. На аксиальных и фронтальных томограммах определяли координаты X и Y относительно левого верхнего угла томограммы устья большого небного канала, которое в дальнейшем служило нулевой точкой. На последующих срезах находили точку с такими координатами устья большого небного канала и определяли расстояние от этой точки до другой интересующей нас точки по осям X и Y. Разница между номерами срезов, умноженная на толщину среза, составляла расстояние между двумя точками по оси Z. По полученным координатам было построено 3-D изображение крыловидно-небной ямки в системе изометрии. На аксиальных, фронтальных и сагиттальных томограммах измеряли ширину медиальной, передней и задней стенок крыловидно-небной ямки, ее глубину, высоту и другие размеры, характеризующие взаимное расположение отверстий, пропускающих нервы, в пространстве. Были исследованы правая и левая стороны томограмм, не имевших патологии в данной области. Результаты. Установлено, что в полости крыловидно-небной ямки следует различать наиболее объемную основную или центральную часть, прилежащую с латеральной стороны к клиновидно-небному отверстию, и более узкие части, направленные книзу (преддверие большого небного канала), кзади (преддверие крыловидного канала) и латерально (преддверие крыловидно-верхнечелюстной щели). Получены также новые сведения, характеризующие изменчивость размеров крыловидно-небной ямки. Заключение. Полученные данные показывают, что крыловидно-небная ямка имеет более сложную форму, чем узкая щель или пирамида, а наличие в ее полости преддверия крыловидного канала предполагает иное, чем принято считать, положение крылонебного узла в крыловидно-небной ямке и его внешнее строение.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The use of endoscopic microsurgical techniques in a number of surgical interventions on deep anatomical structures of the face requires detailed knowledge on the shape and individual variability of the size of the pterygopalatine fossa, containing vascular and nerve structures that provide blood supply and innervation of the upper face, including the pterygopalatine ganglion. The aim was to study individual differences in the shape and size of the pterygopalatine fossa of the adult human skull. Material and methods. The study included 62 archival series of anonymous CT scans (37 men and 25 women), performed with slice thickness of 0.5 mm. On axial and frontal scans, the X and Y coordinates were determined relative to the upper left corner of the scan of the opening of the greater palatine canal, which later serves as the zero point. On subsequent sections, a point with the coordinates of the opening of the greater palatine canal and the distance from this point to another point of interest along the X and Y axes were determined. The difference between the slice numbers multiplied by the thickness of the slice is the distance between two points along the Z axis. Based on the obtained coordinates, a 3- D image of the pterygopalatine fossa was constructed in the isometry system. On axial, frontal and sagittal scans, the width of the medial, anterior and posterior walls of the pterygopalatine fossa, its depth, height and other dimensions characterizing the relative location of the openings passing nerves were measured. The right and left sides of the scans, which had no pathology in this area, were examined. Results. It was stated that in the cavity of the pterygopalatine fossa, one should distinguish between the most bulk main (central) region, adjacent on the lateral side to the sphenopalatine foramen, and narrower regions which are directed downwards (vestibule of the greater palatine canal); backward (vestibule of the pterygoid canal); and laterally (vestibule of the pterygomaxillary fissure). New information has also been obtained characterizing the variability of the size of the pterygopalatine fossa. Conclusion. This study has been shown that the pterygopalatine fossa has a more complex shape than a narrow slit or pyramid, and the presence of the vestibule of the pterygoid canal in its cavity suggests a different position of the pterygoid ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa and its external structure.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>крыловидно-небная ямка</kwd><kwd>крыловидный канал</kwd><kwd>крылонебный узел</kwd><kwd>индивидуальная изменчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pterygopalatine fossa</kwd><kwd>pterygoid canal</kwd><kwd>pterygopalatine ganglion</kwd><kwd>individual variability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Автандилов Г.Г. Морфометрия. Руководство для врачей. Москва: Медицина; 1990. 384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avtandilov G.G. Morfometriya. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachei. Moskva: Meditsina; 1990. 384. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вайсблат С.Н. Местное обезболивание при операциях на лице, челюстях и зубах. Киев: Государственное медицинское издательство УССР; 1962. 471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaisblat S.N. Mestnoe obezbolivanie pri operatsiyakh na litse, chelyustyakh i zubakh. Kiev: Gosudarstvennoe meditsinskoe izdatel'stvo USSR; 1962. 471. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Золотарева Т.В., Стрюк Э.В. Особенности хирургической анатомии и формирования крылонёбного узла человека. Труды Харьковского медицинского института. 1971;93:32-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zolotareva T.V., Stryuk E.V. Osobennosti khirurgicheskoi anatomii i formirovaniya krylonebnogo uzla cheloveka. Trudy Khar'kovskogo meditsinskogo instituta. 1971;93:32-36. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Криницкий Я.М. К типовым особенностям крылонебного узла и его района. Тр. Казанско- го НИИ ортопедии и восстановительной хирургии. Казань; 1948;2:58-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krinitskii Ya.M. K tipovym osobennostyam krylonebnogo uzla i ego raiona. Tr. Kazanskogo NII ortopedii i vosstanovitel'noi khirurgii. Kazan'; 1948;2:58-78. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пузин М.Н., Цуников А.И., Григорян Ю.А. и другие. Вегетативные лицевые боли. М.: Медицина; 1999. 160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puzin M.N., Tsunikov A.I., Grigoryan Yu.A. i drugie. Vegetativnye litsevye boli. M.: Meditsina; 1999. 160. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самохвалов Д.П. Диагностика и лечение вегетативных ганглионитов головы. Вестник Первой областной клинической больницы г. Екатеринбурга. 2008;1:28-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samokhvalov D.P. Diagnostika i lechenie vegetativnykh ganglionitov golovy. Vestnik Pervoi oblastnoi klinicheskoi bol'nitsy g. Ekaterinburga. 2008;1:28-32. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Теблоев И.К., Калашников Ю.Д., Гринберг Л.М. Синдром крылонёбного узла. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии. 1976;6:826-830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tebloev I.K., Kalashnikov Yu.D., Grinberg L.M. Sindrom krylonebnogo uzla. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii. 1976;6:826-830. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыбулькин А.Г. Индивидуальная изменчивость в строении подвисочной ямки и ее содержимого. Архив анатомии, гистологии и эмбриологии. 1975; 68(5):51-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsybul'kin A. G. Individual'naya izmenchivost' v stroenii podvisochnoi yamki i ee soderzhimogo. Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i embriologii. 1975; 68(5):51-57. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарипов О.И., Кутин М.А., Полев Г.Ф. и другие. Латеральный расширенный транссфеноидальный эндоскопический доступ через крыловидно-небную ямку в хирургии менингоенцефалоцеле бокового кармана клиновидной кости. Вопросы нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко. 2018;82(5):96-103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharipov O.I., Kutin M.A., Polev G.F. i drugie. Lateral'nyi rasshirennyi transsfenoidal'nyi endoskopicheskii dostup cherez krylovidnonebnuyu yamku v khirurgii meningoentsefalotsele bokovogo karmana klinovidnoi kosti. Voprosy neirokhirurgii im. N.N. Burdenko. 2018;82(5):96-103. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexander C.E., Dua A. Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block. 2022 Nov 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexander C.E., Dua A. Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block. 2022 Nov 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bahşi İ., Orhan M., Kervancıoğlu P., et al. Morphometric evaluation and clinical implications of the greater palatine foramen, greater palatine canal and pterygopalatine fossa on CBCT images and review of literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(5):551-567.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bahşi İ., Orhan M., Kervancıoğlu P., et al. Morphometric evaluation and clinical implications of the greater palatine foramen, greater palatine canal and pterygopalatine fossa on CBCT images and review of literature. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(5):551-567.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cappello Z.J., Potts K.L. Anatomy, Pterygopalatine Fossa. 2022 Sep 19. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cappello Z.J., Potts K.L. Anatomy, Pterygopalatine Fossa. 2022 Sep 19. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Derinkuyu B.E., Boyunaga O., Oztunali C., et all. Pterygopalatine Fossa: Not a Mystery! Can Assoc Radiol J. 2017;68(2):122-130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Derinkuyu B.E., Boyunaga O., Oztunali C., et all. Pterygopalatine Fossa: Not a Mystery! Can Assoc Radiol J. 2017;68(2):122-130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dwivedi P., Singh P., Patel TK., et all. Transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block for postdural puncture headache management: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2023;73(6):782-793.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dwivedi P., Singh P., Patel TK., et all. Transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block for postdural puncture headache management: a metaanalysis of randomized trials. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2023;73(6):782-793.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdogan N., Unur E., Baykara M. CT anatomy of pterygopalatine fossa and its communications: a pictorial review. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2003;27(6): 481-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdogan N., Unur E., Baykara M. CT anatomy of pterygopalatine fossa and its communications: a pictorial review. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2003;27(6): 481-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evers S., Summ O. Neurostimulation Treatment in Chronic Cluster Headache-a Narrative Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021 Dec 11;25(12):81. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00989-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evers S., Summ O. Neurostimulation Treatment in Chronic Cluster Headache-a Narrative Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021 Dec 11;25(12):81. DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00989-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibelli D. Cellina M., Gibelli S., Cappella A., Panzeri M.M., Oliva A.G. et al. Anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa: an innovative metrical assessment based on 3D segmentation on head CT-scan. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019 May;41(5):523-528. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2153-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibelli D. Cellina M., Gibelli S., Cappella A., Panzeri M.M., Oliva A.G. et al. Anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa: an innovative metrical assessment based on 3D segmentation on head CT-scan. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019 May;41(5):523-528. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2153-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta A., Bhardwaj R. Access to Pterygopalatine and Infratemporal Fossa Region by Newer Maxillary Suprastracture Swing Technique: A Report of Two Cases. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;74(Suppl 2):1290-1293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta A., Bhardwaj R. Access to Pterygopalatine and Infratemporal Fossa Region by Newer Maxillary Suprastracture Swing Technique: A Report of Two Cases. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;74(Suppl 2):1290-1293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isaacs S. J. Endoscopic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(5):644-647.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaacs S. J. Endoscopic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa. Am J Rhinol. 2007;21(5):644-647.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lentzen M.P., Safi A.F., Riekert M., VisserVandewalle V., Grandoch A., Zirk M. et al. Volumetric Analysis of the Pterygopalatine Fossa by Semiautomatic Segmentation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Craniofac Surg. 2020 Jul-Aug;31(5):1334-1337. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lentzen M.P., Safi A.F., Riekert M., VisserVandewalle V., Grandoch A., Zirk M. et al. Volumetric Analysis of the Pterygopalatine Fossa by Semiautomatic Segmentation of Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Craniofac Surg. 2020 Jul-Aug;31(5):1334-1337. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lundy J.A., McNary T. Neuroanatomy, Pterygopalatine Ganglion. 2023 Jul 24. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lundy J.A., McNary T. Neuroanatomy, Pterygopalatine Ganglion. 2023 Jul 24. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hwang S.H., Joo Y.H., Seo J.H., Kim S.W., Cho J.H., Kang J.M. Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis to help define an endoscopic endonasal approach of the pterygopalatine fossa. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):346-50. DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3638.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hwang S.H., Joo Y.H., Seo J.H., Kim S.W., Cho J.H., Kang J.M. Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis to help define an endoscopic endonasal approach of the pterygopalatine fossa. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2011 Sep-Oct;25(5):346-50. DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3638.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sluder G. The role of the sphenopalatine ganglion in nasal headaches. N Y State J Med. 1908;27 8-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sluder G. The role of the sphenopalatine ganglion in nasal headaches. N Y State J Med. 1908;27 8-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smita S., Dubey P.K., Singh K. Intranasal sphenopalatine ganglion block by lignocaine spray for postdural puncture headache following spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2023;55(4):285-290.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smita S., Dubey P.K., Singh K. Intranasal sphenopalatine ganglion block by lignocaine spray for postdural puncture headache following spinal anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2023;55(4):285-290.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vuksanovic-Bozaric A., Vukcevic B., Abramovic M., et all. The pterygopalatine fossa: morphometric CT study with clinical implications. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(2):161-168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vuksanovic-Bozaric A., Vukcevic B., Abramovic M., et all. The pterygopalatine fossa: morphometric CT study with clinical implications. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(2):161-168.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
