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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-4-36-44</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-2024</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфофункциональные особенности восстановления костной ткани при локальном использовании мезенхимальных стволовых клеток, таргетированных по Cdc42</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological Features of Bone Tissue Restoration with Local Use of Cdc42-Targeted Mesenchymal Stem Cells</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1906-6654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олжаев</surname><given-names>Ф. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Olzhayev</surname><given-names>F. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олжаев Фархад Сайдикаримович – научный сотрудник лаборатории биоинженерии и регенеративной медицины</p><p>Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Farkhad S. Olzhaev – researcher of Laboratory of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine</p><p>Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">folzhayev@nu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0286-7252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умбаев</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Umbayev</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Умбаев Бауыржан Айтжанович – ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории биоинженерии и регенеративной медицины</p><p>Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bauyrzhan A. Umbaev – PhD, leading researcher of Laboratory of Bioengineering and Regenerative  Medicine</p><p>Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bauyrzhan.umbayev@nu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-7970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулинин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акулинин Виктор Александрович – д-р. мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>ул. Ленина, 12, Омск, 644099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor A. Akulinin – Doct. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_akulinin@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0695-0413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафарова</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Safarova</surname><given-names>Y. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сафарова Юлия Ивановна – старший научный сотрудник лаборатории биоинженерии и регенеративной медицины</p><p>Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya I. Safarova – PhD, Senior Researcher of Laboratory of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine</p><p>Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yantsen@nu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0741-3337</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степанов Сергей Степанович – д-р мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник кафедры гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei S. Stepanov – Doct. Sci. (Med.), Senior Rresearcher of Histology, Cytology and Embryology Department</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_stepanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5282-5132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гавриш</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrish</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гавриш Богдан Сергеевич – студент</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bogdan S. Gavrish – student</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pahizefalozavr@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6161-1671</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аскарова</surname><given-names>Ш. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Askarova</surname><given-names>Sh. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аскарова Шолпан Несипбаевна – руководитель лаборатории биоинженерии и регенеративной медицины</p><p>Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sholpan N. Askarova – PhD, Head of Laboratory of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine</p><p>Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shaskarova@nu.edu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>National Laboratory Astana, Назарбаев Университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Олжаев Ф.С., Умбаев Б.А., Акулинин В.А., Сафарова Ю.И., Степанов С.С., Гавриш Б.С., Аскарова Ш.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Олжаев Ф.С., Умбаев Б.А., Акулинин В.А., Сафарова Ю.И., Степанов С.С., Гавриш Б.С., Аскарова Ш.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Olzhayev F.S., Umbayev B.A., Akulinin V.A., Safarova Y.I., Stepanov S.S., Gavrish B.S., Askarova S.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2024">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2024</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – морфологическая оценка влияния ингибирования Cdc42 в мезенхимальных стволовых клетках (МСК) на процесс восстановления костного дефекта в отдаленном посттравматическом периоде у 24-месячных самцов крыс с переломом локтевой кости. Материал и методы. В эксперименте задействованы взрослые крысы Wistar (самцы массой 400–500 г, 24 мес; n=80), которым выполняли остеотомию диафиза локтевой кости. После травмы животных рандомизировали на четыре группы (по 10 крыс в группе). Животные группы I служили контролем и лечения не получали; животным группы II вводили старые МСК (клетки были выделены у крыс в возрасте 24 мес), группы III – старые МСК, модифицированные малой молекулой CASIN, группы IV – старые МСК, трансфицированные миРНК (нокдаун Cdc42). Выделяли два срока исследования через 4 и 6 мес после травмы. Количество вводимых клеток было одинаковым для всех экспериментальных групп – 1×106 клеток в 200 мкл натрийфосфатного буфера. Процедуру трансплантации клеток проводили однократно через сутки после перелома. Парафиновые срезы из зоны перелома окрашивали гематоксилином и эозинои, а также по методике Ван Гизона. Морфометрический анализ проводили с помощью программы ImageJ 1.53 плагина StarDist. Проверку статистических гипотез осуществляли с использованием непараметрических критериев в программе Statistica 8.0. Результаты. У всех животных в области перелома на месте мягкой костной мозоли формировались очаги с различной степенью созревания клеточного и межклеточного субстрата твердой костной мозоли. Сравнение процесса заживления дефекта локтевой кости у животных контрольной группы, не получавших дополнительных источников остеогенеза, и у животных трех групп, отличающихся степенью активности Cdc42, трансплантированных в зону повреждения МСК, показало наличие статистически значимых различий в количестве клеток основных регенерирующих пулов. Через 4 и 6 мес после травмы наиболее выраженное восстановление пула предшественников хондробластов и остеобластов, а также хондроцитов и остеоцитов, происходило при использовании МСК, трансфицированных миРНК. Это, вероятно, связано с максимальным подавлением активности Cdc42 в МСК и частичной блокадой старения этих клеток в зонах регенерации локтевой кости, что способствовало дальнейшей стимуляции остеогенеза. Заключение. Целенаправленное ингибирование и подавление активности Cdc42 перед трансплантацией МСК, выделенных из жировой ткани, значительно улучшают формирование незрелой костной мозоли и процесс ее трансформации в зрелую трубчатую кость у старых животных. Эти результаты подтверждают перспективность и целесообразность применения метода таргетирования Cdc42 в рамках комбинированной терапии переломов у пожилых.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim was to evaluate morphological effect of Cdc42 inhibition in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the restoration process bone defects during the late post-traumatic period of 24-months male rats with ulnar fractures. Material and methods. The experiment involved adult Wistar rats (males, weighing 400–500 grams, aged 24 months; n=40) undergoing ulnar diaphysis osteotomy. After the injury, the animals were randomized into four groups (10 rats per group). Group I animals served as controls and received no treatment. Group II animals were administered aged MSCs (cells isolated from 24-month-old rats). Group III received aged MSCs modified with the small molecule CASIN, while Group IV received aged MSCs transfected with miRNA (Cdc42 knockdown). Observations were completed 4 and 6 months post-injury. The cell dose was identical across all experimental groups – 1×106 cells in 200 µL of sodium phosphate buffer. The cell transplantation procedure was performed once, 24 hours after the fracture. Paraffin sections from the fracture site were stained using hematoxylin &amp; eosin and the Van Gieson method. Morphometric analysis was conducted using ImageJ 1.53 with the StarDist plugin, and statistical hypothesis testing was performed using non-parametric methods in Statistica 8.0 software. Results. In all animals, foci with varying degrees of maturation of the cellular and extracellular matrix of the hard callus formed at the fracture site. A comparison of ulnar defect healing in the control group (which did not receive additional osteogenesis sources) and in the three groups with varying degrees of Cdc42 activity in transplanted MSCs revealed statistically significant differences in the number of cells within key regenerating pools. At 4 and 6 months post-injury, the most pronounced restoration of chondroblast and osteoblast precursors, as well as chondrocytes and osteocytes, occurred when using MSCs transfected with miRNA. This was likely due to maximal suppression of Cdc42 activity in MSCs and partial inhibition of their aging in the regeneration zones of the ulnar bone, facilitating further osteogenesis stimulation. Conclusion. Targeted inhibition and suppression of Cdc42 activity before the transplantation of MSCs derived from adipose tissue significantly improve the formation of immature callus and its transformation into mature tubular bone in aged animals. These results confirm the potential and feasibility of using Cdc42 targeting as combination therapy for fractures in elderly individuals.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>перелом кости</kwd><kwd>мезенхимальные стволовые клетки</kwd><kwd>Cdc42</kwd><kwd>CASIN</kwd><kwd>siRNA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteoporosis</kwd><kwd>bone fracture</kwd><kwd>mesenchymal stem cells</kwd><kwd>Cdc42</kwd><kwd>CASIN</kwd><kwd>siRNA</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование профинансировано Назарбаев Университетом, грант проекта совместных исследований (CRP) №. 211123CRP1611.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the research has been funded by the Nazarbayev University, Collaborative Research Project (CRP) Grant No. 211123CRP1611.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровиков В. 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