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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-2-100-109</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1946</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фундаментальные основы, биологические, медицинские и социальные аспекты вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий: история создания, современное состояние и перспективы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Fundamentals, biological, medical and social aspects of assisted reproductive technologies: history of creation, current state, prospects</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-0571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевлюк</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevlyuk</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевлюк Николай Николаевич – д-р. биол. наук, профессор, заслуженный работник высшей школы РФ, профессор кафедры гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>Ул. Советская, 6, Оренбург, 460000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai N. Shevlyuk – Doct. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Honored Worker of Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Professor of Histology, Cytology and Embryology department</p><p>Ul. Sovetskaya, 6, Orenburg, 460000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k_histology@orgma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Orenburg State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шевлюк Н.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шевлюк Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shevlyuk N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1946">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1946</self-uri><abstract><p>К достижениям биологии и медицины последних десятилетий следует отнести создание вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий (ВРТ). Основными методами ВРТ являются: криоконсервация мужских и женских половых клеток, размораживание гамет, искусственное осеменение, экстракорпоральное оплодотворение (ЭКО), интрацитоплазматическое введение сперматозоидов (ИКСИ) (уточнить аббревиатуру), донорство ооцитов и сперматозоидов, культивирование эмбрионов после экстракорпорального оплодотворения, криоконсервация эмбрионов, размораживание эмбрионов, преимплантационная генетическая диагностика, селекция эмбрионов, перенос эмбрионов в матку или в маточные трубы, суррогатное материнство. Разработка фундаментальных основ ВРТ имеет длинную историю. Представление о возможности искусственного оплодотворения было выдвинуто еще в XVII веке А. Левенгуком. Успешные трансплантации зародышей из организма одного животного в организм другого с рождением детенышей были проведены в XIX веке. В середине ХХ века результаты разработки методов ВРТ получили технологическое значение и с середины ХХ века методы ВРТ перешли в практику животноводства. В практику медицины ВРТ вошли в последней четверти ХХ века. Выдающийся вклад во внедрение ВРТ в медицину внесли английские ученые – ветеринар и физиолог Роберт Джеффри Эдвардс (1925–2013), оптимизировавший метод ЭКО для медицины и акушер-гинеколог Патрик Кристофер Стептоу (1913–1988), разработавший лапароскопические методы получения человеческих яйцеклеток. В результате их деятельности в 1978 году появился первый ребенок, зачатый в результате ЭКО и последующей имплантации в матку. К настоящему времени с использованием ЭКО на свет появилось свыше 12 миллионов детей во всем мире. Например, количество родов после преодоления бесплодия с помощью ВРТ составило в России в 2019 г. 36008, это 2,4% от общего количества родов в стране. Наряду с медицинскими аспектами, для внедрения ВРТ в практику медицины потребовалось принятие ряда новых законов, регулирующих этот вид медицинской деятельности. Несмотря на достигнутые успехи, в обществе продолжает оставаться неоднозначное отношение к внедрению ВРТ в практику медицины.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The achievements of biology and medicine in recent decades include the creation of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The main methods of ART are: cryopreservation of male and female germ cells, thawing of gametes, artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), donation of oocytes and sperm, cultivation of embryos after in vitro fertilization, cryopreservation of embryos, thawing of embryos, preimplantation genetic diagnostics, embryo selection, embryo transfer into the uterus or fallopian tubes, surrogacy. The development of the fundamental principles of ART has a long history. The idea of the possibility of artificial insemination was put forward in the 17th century by A. Leeuwenhoek. Successful transplantations of embryos from the body of one animal to the body of another with the birth of cubs were carried out in the 19th century. In the mid-twentieth century, the results of the development of ART methods received technological significance, and from the middle of the 20th century, ART methods moved into animal husbandry practice. ART entered medical practice in the last quarter of the twentieth century. An outstanding contribution to the introduction of ART in medicine was made by English scientists – veterinarian and physiologist Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925–2013), who optimized the IVF method for medicine, and obstetrician-gynecologist Patrick Christopher Steptoe (1913–1988), who developed laparoscopic methods for obtaining human eggs. As a result of their activities, in 1978, the first child was born, conceived as a result of IVF and subsequent implantation into the uterus. To date, over 12 million children have been born worldwide using IVF. For example, the number of births after overcoming infertility with the help of ART was 36,008 in Russia in 2019, which is 2,4% of the total number of births in the country. Along with medical aspects, the introduction of ART into medical practice required the adoption of a number of new laws regulating this type of medical activity. Despite the successes achieved, society continues to have an ambiguous attitude towards the introduction of ART into medical practice.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вспомогательные репродуктивные технологии</kwd><kwd>экстракорпоральное оплодотворение</kwd><kwd>донорство ооцитов и сперматозоидов</kwd><kwd>доимплантационная генетическая диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>assisted reproductive technologies</kwd><kwd>in vitro fertilization</kwd><kwd>oocyte and sperm donation</kwd><kwd>preimplantation genetic diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Башмакова Н.В., Полякова И.Г., Рябко И.В. Мотивация и барьеры суррогатного материнства: тенденции и мировой опыт. Проблемы репродукции. 2023;29(5):37–44. doi: 10.17116/repro20232905137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bashmakova NV, Polyakova IG, Ryabko EV. 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