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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2024-13-2-93-99</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1945</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние микрогравитации на тучные клетки как полифункциональный элемент иммунной системы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The effect of microgravity on mast cells as a multifunctional element of the immune system</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1685-5516</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жуков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жуков Александр Андреевич – аспирант</p><p>ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Zhukov – postgraduate student</p><p>ul. Studencheskaya, 10, Voronezh, 394036</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexanderzhukov1993@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-8543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Н. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexeeva</surname><given-names>N. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексеева Наталия Тимофеевна – д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой нормальной анатомии человека</p><p>Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya T. Alexeeva – Doct. Sci. (Med.), Prof.; head of human anatomy department</p><p>Voronezh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexeevant@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9542-8701</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколов Дмитрий Александрович – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры нормальной анатомии человека</p><p>Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii A. Sokolov – Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof. of Human Anatomy Department</p><p>Voronezh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cingulum@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-8543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кварацхелия</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kvaratskheliya</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кварацхелия Анна Гуладиевна – канд. биол. наук, доцент кафедры нормальной анатомии человека</p><p>Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna G. Kvaratskheliya – Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor of Human Anatomy Department</p><p>Voronezh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna_kvar_83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2452-1105</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наговицин</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagovitsin</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наговицин Александр Константинович – ассистент кафедры нормальной анатомии человека</p><p>Воронеж</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr K. Nagovitsin – assistant of human anatomy department</p><p>Voronezh</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nagovitsinalexkonst@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.Н. Бурденко<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жуков А.А., Алексеева Н.Т., Соколов Д.А., Кварацхелия А.Г., Наговицин А.К., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жуков А.А., Алексеева Н.Т., Соколов Д.А., Кварацхелия А.Г., Наговицин А.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhukov A.A., Alexeeva N.T., Sokolov D.A., Kvaratskheliya A.G., Nagovitsin A.K.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1945">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1945</self-uri><abstract><p>Представленный обзор литературы, посвящен проблеме влияния одного из факторов космического полета – микрогравитации на различные элементы иммунной системы, в частности, тучные клетки (ТК). ТК являются одним из звеньев врожденного иммунитета. Они располагаются в тканях почти повсеместно, преимущественно в непосредственной близости от кровеносных сосудов и нервов. Их численность преобладает в органах и тканях, находящихся на границе с внешней средой. ТК одними из первых взаимодействуют с вторгающимися патогенами. Активация ТК приводит к высвобождению широкого спектра биологически активных веществ, таких как гепарин, гистамин, химаза, триптаза, лейкотриены LTB4, LTD4, PDG2 и PAF, цитокины IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, IL-3, IL-1, GM-CSF, TGF-β, VEGF и фактор некроза опухолей TNF-α. ТК вносят вклад в развитие аллергии, сердечно-сосудистой и онкопатологии, заболеваний органов дыхания, желудочно-кишечного тракта. Многочисленные факторы космического полета, такие как микрогравитация, оказывают негативное влияние на иммунную систему. Такое воздействие затрагивает весь процесс развития иммунных клеток (макрофагов, моноцитов, нейтрофилов, Т- и В-лимфоцитов, дендритных клеток и NK-клеток), включая их пролиферацию, дифференцировку, активацию, метаболизм. Приводятся данные о том, что влияние микрогравитации на ТК проявляется в виде усиления апоптоза, снижения пролиферации, а также нарушения процессов дегрануляции и секреции цитокинов. Морфофункциональные изменения иммунных клеток, включая ТК в условиях микрогравитаии соотносятся с изменениями, возникающими в других клетках млекопитающих и заключаются в индуцировании апоптоза, изменениях цитоскелета, нарушениях сигнальных путей, клеточной дифференцировки, роста, пролиферации, миграции и адгезии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The presented literature review is devoted to the problem of the influence of one of the space flight factors – microgravity on various elements of the immune system, in particular, mast cells (MCs). MCs are one of the parts of innate immunity. They are located in tissues almost everywhere, mainly in close proximity to blood vessels and nerves. Their numbers predominate in organs and tissues located on the border with the external environment. MCs are among the first to interact with invading pathogens. Activation of MCs leads to the release of a wide range of biologically active substances, such as heparin, histamine, chymase, tryptase, leukotrienes LTB4, LTD4, PDG2 and PAF, cytokines IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, IL-3, IL-1 , GM-CSF, TGF-β, VEGF and tumor necrosis factor TNF-α. MCs contribute to the development of allergies, cardiovascular and oncological pathologies, diseases of the respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. Numerous factors of spaceflight, such as microgravity, have a negative impact on the immune system. This effect affects the entire development process of immune cells (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and NK cells), including their proliferation, differentiation, activation, and metabolism. Data is provided that the effect of microgravity on MCs manifests in increased apoptosis, decreased proliferation, as well as disruption of degranulation and secretion of cytokines. Morphofunctional changes in immune cells, including MCs, under microgravity conditions correlate with changes that occur in other mammalian cells and include the induction of apoptosis, changes in the cytoskeleton, disturbances in signaling pathways, cell differentiation, growth, proliferation, migration and adhesion.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрогравитация</kwd><kwd>тучные клетки</kwd><kwd>иммунная система</kwd><kwd>факторы космического полета</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microgravity</kwd><kwd>mast cells</kwd><kwd>immune system</kwd><kwd>spaceflight factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Afshinnekoo E., Scott R.T., MacKay M.J., Pariset E. et al. Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration. 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