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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2023-12-3-103-112</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1812</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Основные направления преобразований органов половой системы в ходе эволюции позвоночных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Main Patterns of Transformation in Organs of Reproductive System During the Evolution of Vertebrates</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-0571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевлюк</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevlyuk</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шевлюк Николай Николаевич – д-р. биол. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>ул. Советская, 6, Оренбург, 460000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai N. Shevlyuk – Doct. Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Professor of histology, cytology and embryology department</p><p>ul. Sovetskaya, 6, Orenburg, 460000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k_histology@orgma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Orenburg State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>112</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шевлюк Н.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шевлюк Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shevlyuk N.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1812">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1812</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлен анализ основных направлений преобразований органов половой системы в ходе эволюции позвоночных на различных уровнях иерархической организации позвоночных – клеточном, тканевом, органном, организменном, популяционном. В процессе эволюции позвоночных происходила олигомеризация гонад, уменьшение численности гермафродитных видов, снижение относительной  массы  гонад  в  организме,  наблюдался  переход  от  изогамии  к  гетерогамии  (оогамии).  У позвоночных сформировалось 4 типа структурно-функциональной организации мужских гонад: фолликулярный тип, фолликулярно-цистный тип, канальцево-цистный тип, канальцевый тип. У представителей различных классов позвоночных преобразование яичников шло в разных направлениях. Крупные, гроздьевидной формы яичники сформировались в ходе эволюции у рыб, амфибий, рептилий, птиц и клоачных млекопитающих. Эти яичники непосредственно перед сезоном размножения могут занимать почти всю  брюшную  полость.  Яичники  плацентарных  млекопитающих  имеют  небольшие  размеры,  форма  их чаще всего овальная, поверхность гладкая. Одним из направлений эволюционного преобразования гонад явилась компартментализация структур мужских и женских половых желез, при этом произошло структурное и топографическое разделение на собственно половые железы и половые пути, которые сформировались на основе структур первичной почки. У высших позвоночных имеются хорошо развитые придаточные половые железы. В гонадах произошло четкое топографическое разграничение эндокринных и герминативных структур. На фоне возрастания числа видов с внутренним оплодотворением, на фоне формирования сложно организованных влагалища и матки у самок млекопитающих произошло формирование и усложнение копулятивных органов самцов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents an analysis of the main directions of transformations of the organs of the reproductive system during the evolution of vertebrates at various levels of the hierarchical organization of vertebrates - cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population. During the evolution of vertebrates, gonadal oligomerization occurred, a decrease in the number of hermaphrodite species, a decrease in the relative mass of gonads in the body, and a transition from isogamy to heterogamy (oogamy) was observed. In vertebrates, 4 types of structural and functional organization of male gonads have been formed: follicular type, follicular-cystic type, tubular-cystic type, tubular type. In representatives of different classes of vertebrates, the transformation of the ovaries proceeded in different directions. Large, grape-shaped ovaries have evolved in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and cloacal mammals. These ovaries, just before the breeding season, can occupy almost the entire abdominal cavity. The ovaries of placental mammals are small in size, their shape is most often oval, the surface is smooth. One  of  the  directions  of  the  evolutionary  transformation  of  the  gonads  was  the  compartmentalization  of  the structures of the male and female gonads, while there was a structural and topographic division into the actual gonads and the genital tract, which were formed on the basis of the structures of the primary kidney. Higher vertebrates have well-developed accessory sex glands. In the gonads, there was a clear topographical distinction between endocrine and germinal structures. Against the background of an increase in the number of species with internal  fertilization,  against  the  background  of  the  formation  of  a  complexly  organized vagina  and  uterus  in female mammals, the formation and complication of the copulatory organs of males occurred.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>семенник</kwd><kwd>яичник</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>позвоночные</kwd><kwd>сперматогенный эпителий</kwd><kwd>клетки Лейдига</kwd><kwd>матка</kwd><kwd>яйцевод</kwd><kwd>придаточные половые железы</kwd><kwd>регуляция репродукции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>testis</kwd><kwd>ovary</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>vertebrates</kwd><kwd>spermatogenic epithelium</kwd><kwd>Leydig cells</kwd><kwd>uterus</kwd><kwd>oviduct</kwd><kwd>accessory sex glands</kwd><kwd>regulation of reproduction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барреси М.Дж.Ф., Гилберт С.Ф. 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