<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-3-65-74</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1612</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сопоставление иммуногистохимического и ультраструктурного изучения реакции аксональных терминалей сенсомоторной коры белых крыс на перевязку общих сонных артерий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparison of the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of the white rats sensorimotor cortex synaptic terminals reaction to common carotid arteries ligation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0741-3337</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степанов Сергей Степанович – д-р мед. наук</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei S. Stepanov – Doct. Med. Sci.</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_stepanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1133-6541</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарьева</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makar'eva</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макарьева Любовь Михайловна</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov' M. Makar'eva</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lyuba.mamontova.07@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-7970</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулинин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акулинин Виктор Александрович – д-р. мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой гистологии, цитологии и эмбриологии</p><p>ул. Ленина, 12, Омск, 644099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor A. Akulinin – Doct. Med. Sci., Prof., head of histology, cytology and embryology department</p><p>ul. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_akulinin@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-2027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржук</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhuk</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Коржук Михаил Сергеевич – д-р. мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Омск; Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail S. Korzhuk – Doct. Med. Sci., Prof.</p><p>Omsk; St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gensurg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-3137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шоронова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shoronova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шоронова Анастасия Юрьевна</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya Yu. Shoronova</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nastasya1994@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4976-7539</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Д. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеев Дмитрий Борисович – канд. ветеринар. наук, доцент</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitrii B. Avdeev – Cand. Veterinar. Sci., Assoc. Prof.</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avdeev86@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цускман</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsuskman</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цускман Ирина Геннадьевна</p><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina G. Tsuskman</p><p>Omsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_akulinin@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слободская</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Slobodskaya</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный медицинский университет; Военно-медицинская академия имени С. М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University; S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Омский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical Universit</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Степанов С.С., Макарьева Л.М., Акулинин В.А., Коржук М.С., Шоронова А.Ю., Авдеев Д.Б., Цускман И.Г., Слободская А.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Степанов С.С., Макарьева Л.М., Акулинин В.А., Коржук М.С., Шоронова А.Ю., Авдеев Д.Б., Цускман И.Г., Слободская А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stepanov S.S., Makar'eva L.M., Akulinin V.A., Korzhuk M.S., Shoronova A.Y., Avdeev D.B., Tsuskman I.G., Slobodskaya A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1612">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1612</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – изучить структурно-функциональные изменения аксональных терминалей в слоях I, III и V сенсомоторной коры (СМК) головного мозга крыс Wistar после двусторонней перевязки общих сонных артерий (ПОСА) с помощью иммуногистохимического и электронномикроскопического методов.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Неполную ишемию головного мозга моделировали путем двусторонней перевязки общих сонных артерий (ПОСА – 2-сосудистая модель глобальной ишемии без гипотонии) на белых крысах линии Wistar (n=36). СМК изучали в контроле (интактные крысы, n=6), через 1, 3, 7, 14 и 30 сут (n=30) после ПОСА. Использовали окраски по Нисслю, гематоксилином и эозином, иммуногистохимические реакции на p38 и метод электронной микроскопии. Определяли общую численную плотность и относительную площадь аксональных терминалей. Проверку статистических гипотез проводили с помощью непараметрических методов для парного и множественного сравнения в программе Statistica 8.0.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. После ПОСА в СМК мозга крыс увеличивалось содержание дегенеративно измененных нейронов. Изменения нейронов СМК сопровождались гипергидратацией нейропиля и реактивным астроглиозом. Общая численная плотность терминалей во всех слоях СМК статистически значимо уменьшалась уже через 1 сут (в слое I – на 28,6%, III – 46,9%, V – 46,4%) и сохранялась примерно на этом уровне в течение всего наблюдения. Относительная площадь синаптических терминалей различалась в сравниваемых слоях СМК. В слоях I и III СМК сначала (1-е и 3-и сут) значения этого показателя снижались, а затем (7-, 14- и 30-е сут) – увеличивались. В слое V СМК активация экспрессии данного белка происходила уже в остром периоде (1-е и 3-и сут), снижалась через 7 и 14 сут, вновь усиливалась через 30 сут. При ультраструктурном исследовании выявлялось больше мелких терминальных ветвей аксонов. Однако общая тенденция изменений количества терминалей была аналогичной.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. После двусторонней ПОСА в слоях I, III и V СМК крыс были выявлены деструктивные и компенсаторно-восстановительные изменения аксональных терминалей. Реорганизация межнейронных взаимоотношений происходила на фоне выраженных проявлений гипергидратации нейропиля. Максимальное разрушение синаптических терминалей отмечалось в слое III СМК, а их адаптивные изменения – в слое V. Результаты иммуногистохимического и ультраструктурного исследований сопоставимы и дополняют друг друга. Все это, вероятно, можно рассматривать как структурную основу изменения интегративно-пусковой деятельности головного мозга после ПОСА.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the research was to study the structural and functional changes in axonal terminals in layers I, III, and V of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain of Wistar rats after the common carotid artery (CCA) bilateral ligation using immunohistochemical and apparatus-microscopic methods.</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Incomplete cerebral ischemia was modeled by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries (CCA - 2-vessel model of global ischemia without hypotension) in white Wistar rats (n=36). SMC was studied in the control (intact rats, n=6), 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days (n=30) after POCA. Nissl, hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemical reactions for p38, and electron microscopy were used. The total number density and relative area of axonal terminals were determined. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric methods for pairwise and multiple comparisons using the Statistica 8.0 program.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. After CCA bilateral ligation, the content of degeneratively altered neurons in the rat brain SMC increased. Changes in the SMC neurons were accompanied by neuropil hyperhydration and reactive astrogliosis. The total number density of terminals in all SMC layers decreased statistically significantly after 1 day (by 28.6% in layer I, 46.9% in layer III, and 46.4% in layer V) and remained approximately at this level throughout the entire observation period. . The relative area of synaptic terminals differed in the compared SMC layers. In layers I and III of the SMC, the values of this indicator first (days 1 and 3) decreased, and then (days 7, 14, and 30) they increased.</p><p>In layer V of the SMC, activation of the expression of this protein occurred already in the acute period (days 1 and 3), decreased after 7 and 14 days, and increased again after 30 days. Ultrastructural examination revealed more small terminal axonal branches. However, the general trend of changes in the number of terminals was similar.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. After CCA bilateral ligation, destructive and compensatory-restorative changes in axonal terminals were revealed in layers I, III, and V of the rat MMC. The reorganization of interneuronal relationships occurred against the background of pronounced manifestations of neuropil hyperhydration. The maximum destruction of synaptic terminals was noted in layer III of the SMC, and their adaptive changes were observed in layer V. The results of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies are comparable and complement each other. All this can probably be considered as a structural basis for changes in the integrative-starting activity of the brain after CCA bilateral ligation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ишемия</kwd><kwd>нейроны</kwd><kwd>синапсы</kwd><kwd>сенсомоторная кора</kwd><kwd>иммуногистохимия</kwd><kwd>ультраструктура</kwd><kwd>морфометрия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ischemia</kwd><kwd>neurons</kwd><kwd>synapses</kwd><kwd>sensorimotor cortex</kwd><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>ultrastructure</kwd><kwd>morphometry</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровиков В. Statistica. Искусство анализа данных на компьютере. 2-ое изд. СПб: Питер; 2003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovikov V. Statistica. Iskusstvo analiza dannykh na komp'yutere. 2-oe izd. Saint-Petersburg: Piter; 2003 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макарьева Л.М., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., Шоронова А.Ю., Авдеев Д.Б., Коржук М.С. Морфологическое и морфометрическое описание нейронов сенсомоторной коры головного мозга крыс после перевязки общих сонных артерий. Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии. 2022;11(1):49–58 doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-1-49-58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makar’eva LM, Akulinin VA, Stepanov SS, Shoronova AYu, Avdeev DB, Korzhuk MS. Morphological and morphometric description of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex of the rat brain after ligation of the common carotid arteries. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2022 Mar 30;11(1):49–58 (in Russian). EDN: HWPPMD. doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-1-49-58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макарьева Л.М., Коржук М.С., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., Шоронова А.Ю., Авдеев Д.Б. Нейроглиальные взаимоотношения и структуры межнейронной коммуникации слоя V сенсомоторной коры белых крыс после перевязки общих сонных артерий. Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии. 2022;11(2):43–51 doi 10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-2-43-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makar’eva LM, Korzhuk MS, Akulinin VA, Stepanov SS, Shoronova AYu, Avdeev DB. Neuroglial relationships and structures of interneuronal communication of the white rat sensorimotor cortex layer v after the common carotid artery ligation. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2022 Jun 30;11(2):43–51] (in Russian). EDN: UWTZLX. doi 10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-2-43-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Питерс А., Палей С., Уэбстер Г. Ультраструктура нервной системы: Пер. с англ. 1972</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piters A, Palei S, Uebster G. Ul'trastruktura nervnoi sistemy: Per. s angl. 1972 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семченко В.В., Степанов С.С., Боголепов Н.Н. Синаптическая пластичность головного мозга (фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты). Омск: Омская областная типография; 2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semchenko VV, Stepanov SS, Bogolepov NN. Sinapticheskaya plastichnost' golovnogo mozga (fundamental'nye i prikladnye aspekty). Omsk: Omskaya oblastnaya tipografiya; 2008 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов А.С. Сравнительная характеристика синаптоархитектоники неокортекса, гиппокампа и миндалевидного комплекса белых крыс в норме и после острой ишемии. Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии. 2017;6(4):47–54 doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2017-6-4-47-54</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov AS. Comparative characteristics of the white rats neocortex, hippocampus and amygdale complex synaptoarchitectonics in norm and after acute ischemia. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2017 Dec 12;6(4):47–54] (in Russian). EDN: ZXWOWN. doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2017-6-4-47-54</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов А.С., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., Авдеев Д.Б., Горбунова А.В. Коммуникация нейронов поля СА3 гиппокампа головного мозга белых крыс после острой ишемии. Общая реаниматология. 2018;14(5):38–49 doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2018-5-38-49</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov AS, Akulinin VA, Stepanov SS, Avdeev DB, Gorbunova AV. Neurons Communication in the Hippocampus of Field CA3 of the White Rat Brain after Acute ischemia. General Reanimatology. 2018 Oct 28;14(5):38–49 (in Russian). EDN: VJVWPO. doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2018-5-38-49</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergsman JB, Krueger SR, Fitzsimonds RM. Automated criteria-based selection and analysis of fluorescent synaptic puncta. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2006 Apr;152(1-2):32–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergsman JB, Krueger SR, Fitzsimonds RM. Automated criteria-based selection and analysis of fluorescent synaptic puncta. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2006 Apr;152(1-2):32–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Black MM. Axonal transport: The orderly motion of axonal structures. Methods in Cell Biology. 2016;(131):1–19. doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Black MM. Axonal transport: The orderly motion of axonal structures. Methods in Cell Biology. 2016;(131):1–19. doi: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.06.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calhoun ME, Jucker M, Martin LJ, Thinakaran G, Price DL, Mouton PR. Comparative evaluation of synaptophysin-based methods for quantification of synapses. Journal of Neurocytology. 1996 Jan;25(1):821–8. doi: 10.1007/BF02284844</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calhoun ME, Jucker M, Martin LJ, Thinakaran G, Price DL, Mouton PR. Comparative evaluation of synaptophysin-based methods for quantification of synapses. Journal of Neurocytology. 1996 Jan;25(1):821–8. doi: 10.1007/BF02284844</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen KS, Masliah E, Mallory M, Gage FH. Synaptic loss in cognitively impaired aged rats is ameliorated by chronic human nerve growth factor infusion. Neuroscience. 1995 Sep;68(1):19–27. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00099-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen KS, Masliah E, Mallory M, Gage FH. Synaptic loss in cognitively impaired aged rats is ameliorated by chronic human nerve growth factor infusion. Neuroscience. 1995 Sep;68(1):19–27. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00099-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clare R, King VG, Wirenfeldt M, Vinters HV. Synapse loss in dementias. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2010 Apr 5;88(10):2083–90. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22392</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clare R, King VG, Wirenfeldt M, Vinters HV. Synapse loss in dementias. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2010 Apr 5;88(10):2083–90. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22392</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon-Weeks PR, Fournier AE. Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2013 Nov 11;129(2):206–12. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12502</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon-Weeks PR, Fournier AE. Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration. Journal of Neurochemistry. 2013 Nov 11;129(2):206–12. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12502</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guillamón-Vivancos T, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Astrocitos en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (I): función y caracterización molecular. Neurología. 2015 Mar;30(2):119–29. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.12.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guillamón-Vivancos T, Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu J. Astrocitos en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas (I): función y caracterización molecular. Neurología. 2015 Mar;30(2):119–29. doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2012.12.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herold J, Schubert W, Nattkemper TW. Automated detection and quantification of fluorescently labeled synapses in murine brain tissue sections for high throughput applications. Journal of Biotechnology. 2010 Sep 15;149(4):299–309. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.03.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herold J, Schubert W, Nattkemper TW. Automated detection and quantification of fluorescently labeled synapses in murine brain tissue sections for high throughput applications. Journal of Biotechnology. 2010 Sep 15;149(4):299–309. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.03.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu W, An C, Chen WJ. Molecular Mechanoneurobiology: An Emerging Angle to Explore Neural Synaptic Functions. BioMed Research International. 2015 Apr 14;2015:e486827. doi: 10.1155/2015/486827</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu W, An C, Chen WJ. Molecular Mechanoneurobiology: An Emerging Angle to Explore Neural Synaptic Functions. BioMed Research International. 2015 Apr 14;2015:e486827. doi: 10.1155/2015/486827</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ippolito DM, Eroglu C. Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2010 Nov 16;(45):2270. doi: 10.3791/2270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ippolito DM, Eroglu C. Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2010 Nov 16;(45):2270. doi: 10.3791/2270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jing Z, Shi C, Zhu L, Xiang Y, Chen P, Xiong Z, et al. Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Induces Vascular Plasticity and Hemodynamics but Also Neuronal Degeneration and Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. 2015 Apr 8;35(8):1249–59. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.55</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jing Z, Shi C, Zhu L, Xiang Y, Chen P, Xiong Z, et al. Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Induces Vascular Plasticity and Hemodynamics but Also Neuronal Degeneration and Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. 2015 Apr 8;35(8):1249–59. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.55</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knott G, Marchman H, Wall D, Lich B. Serial Section Scanning Electron Microscopy of Adult Brain Tissue Using Focused Ion Beam Milling. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008 Mar 19;28(12):2959–64. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3189-07.2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knott G, Marchman H, Wall D, Lich B. Serial Section Scanning Electron Microscopy of Adult Brain Tissue Using Focused Ion Beam Milling. Journal of Neuroscience. 2008 Mar 19;28(12):2959–64. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3189-07.2008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochemistry International. 2018 Oct;119(10):107–14. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koizumi S, Hirayama Y, Morizawa YM. New roles of reactive astrocytes in the brain; an organizer of cerebral ischemia. Neurochemistry International. 2018 Oct;119(10):107–14. Doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreshuk A, Straehle CN, Sommer C, Koethe U, Cantoni M, Knott G, et al. Automated Detection and Segmentation of Synaptic Contacts in Nearly Isotropic Serial Electron Microscopy Images. Barnes S, editor. PLoS ONE. 2011 Oct 21;6(10):e24899. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024899</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreshuk A, Straehle CN, Sommer C, Koethe U, Cantoni M, Knott G, et al. Automated Detection and Segmentation of Synaptic Contacts in Nearly Isotropic Serial Electron Microscopy Images. Barnes S, editor. PLoS ONE. 2011 Oct 21;6(10):e24899. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024899</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merchan-Pérez A, Rodriguez J-R, AlonsoNanclares L, Schertel A, DeFelipe J. Counting synapses using FIB/SEM microscopy: a true revolution for ultrastructural volume reconstruction. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2009;3(18):1–14. doi: 10.3389/neuro.05.018.2009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merchan-Pérez A, Rodriguez J-R, Alonso-Nanclares L, Schertel A, DeFelipe J. Counting synapses using FIB/SEM microscopy: a true revolution for ultrastructural volume reconstruction. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2009;3(18):1–14. doi: 10.3389/neuro.05.018.2009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishchenko Y. Automation of 3D reconstruction of neural tissue from large volume of conventional serial section transmission electron micrographs. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2009 Jan;176(2):276–89. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.09.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishchenko Y. Automation of 3D reconstruction of neural tissue from large volume of conventional serial section transmission electron micrographs. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2009 Jan;176(2):276–89. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.09.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 5-th ed. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 5-th ed. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uyeda A, Muramatsu R. Molecular Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Oct 30;21(21):8116. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uyeda A, Muramatsu R. Molecular Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Oct 30;21(21):8116. doi: 10.3390/ijms21218116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C-C, Reilly JF, Young WG, Morrison JH, Bloom FE. High-throughput Morphometric Analysis of Individual Neurons. Cerebral Cortex. 2004 May;14(5):543–54. Doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu C-C, Reilly JF, Young WG, Morrison JH, Bloom FE. High-throughput Morphometric Analysis of Individual Neurons. Cerebral Cortex. 2004 May;14(5):543–54. Doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhh016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing Y, Bai Y. A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms. Molecular Neurobiology. 2020 Jul 20;57(10):4218–31. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02021-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing Y, Bai Y. A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms. Molecular Neurobiology. 2020 Jul 20;57(10):4218–31. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-02021-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
