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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-2-78-86</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1572</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роговица: анатомо-функциональные особенности, новые методы прижизненной диагностики патологических состояний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cornea: anatomical and functional features, new methods of in vivo diagnostics of abnormalities</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7198-4498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фисенко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fisenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фисенко Наталья Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела патологии оптических сред глаза.</p><p>ул. Россолимо, 11, Москва, 119021.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal'ya V. Fisenko - Cand. Med. Sci., Senior Researcher, Department of Pathology of the Optical Media of the Eye of the Research Institute of Eye Diseases.</p><p>Rossolimo ul., 11, Moscow, 119021.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natfisenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт глазных болезней</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute of Eye Diseases</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>78</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Фисенко Н.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фисенко Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fisenko N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1572">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1572</self-uri><abstract><p>Роговица - сложноорганизованная, прозрачная часть фиброзной оболочки глазного яблока. Она обеспечивает защиту интраокулярных структур от различных повреждений и служит основным элементом оптической системы глаза. В ней выделяют эпителий, Боуменову мембрану, строму, Десцеметову мембрану и эндотелий. Роговица является аваскулярной тканью. Питательные вещества поступают в ее слои из слезной жидкости, внутриглазной жидкости (ВГЖ) и перилимбального сплетения. Афферентная иннервация роговицы обеспечивается длинными ресничными нервами, формирующими субэпителиальное и суббазальное сплетения. Многорядный неороговевающий эпителиальный слой роговицы представлен различными типами клеток, которые связаны друг с другом посредством непрерывного адгерентного пояса, а с подлежащей, синтезируемой ими базальной мембраной - полудесмосомами. Боуменова мембрана сформирована плотной сетью коллагеновых волокон I и V типа и якорными фибриллами коллагена IV и VII типа. Строма состоит из пластин, образованных коллагеном различных типов, а также из протеогликанов, эластина, гликопротеинов и клеток (преимущественно, кератоцитов). Десцеметова мембрана - базальная мембрана, секретируемая эндотелиальными клетками (ЭК). Она представляет собой сеть, образованную молекулами коллагена VIII типа, полупроницаемую для биологически активных эндогенных веществ, циркулирующих в ВГЖ. Эндотелиальный слой состоит из компактно расположенных высокодифференцированными клеток гексагональной формы. В условиях in vivo клеточный цикл ЭК остановлен в G1-фазе. Наличие в эндотелиальном слое плотных и щелевидных межклеточных контактов, а также осмотические давление, создаваемое трансмембранным переносом веществ, поддерживает динамическое равновесие между поступлением ВГЖ в строму роговицы и ее оттоком в переднюю камеру глаза, препятствуя отеку роговицы. Современные методы исследования прижизненного состояния роговой оболочки глаза включают в себя зеркальную микроскопию эндотелия, оптическую когерентную томографию и сканирующую конфокальную микроскопию. Эти исследования позволяют установить локализацию и этиологию патологического процесса, оценить особенности слоев роговицы (в т.ч. при кераторефракционных хирургических вмешательствах и в послеоперационном периоде).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The cornea is a highly organized, transparent part of fibrous tunic of an eyeball. It acts as the primary infectious and structural barrier of the eye. The cornea is the major refractive element of an adult eye. It consists of epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Descemet's membrane and endothelium. Although the normal human cornea is avascular, it is supplied via perilimbal blood vessels, the aqueous humor (AqH) and tear film. Afferent innervation to the cornea is provided by long ciliary nerves, which form subepithelial and subbasal nerve plexus. Epithelium is a stratified, non-keratinizing squamous layer that consists of various cell types. Epithelial cells are connected to each other by zonula adherens, and to the basement membrane via hemidesmosomes. Bowman's membrane is composed of randomly-oriented type I and V collagen fibrils and anchoring type IV and VII collagen fibrils. The stroma consists of cells (principally keratocytes) and distinct lamella formed by collagen fibers, proteoglycans, elastin and glycoproteins. Descemet's membrane is a basal membrane, secreted by endothelial cells. It is a network organized by type VIII collagen molecules, which modulate the passage of growth factors, cytokines and nutrients from the AqH into the corneal stroma and backward. Corneal endothelium is a monolayer of hexagonal cells tightly adherent to one another. In vivo endothelial cells are arrested in G1-phase of cell cycle. The endothelium forms a physiological barrier between the nutrient-rich AqH and the corneal stroma. Tight and gap cell junctions and dynamic pump-leak system maintains corneal deturgescence and permit sufficient nutrient delivery into the stroma and epithelium. Disruption of the endothelial cells results in corneal edema. Modern non-contact real-time imaging of the cornea include specular microscopy, optical coherence tomography and in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy. These methods can help to visualize corneal layers (during keratorefractive surgery, pre- and postoperative periods), detect localization and etiology of pathological changes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>роговица</kwd><kwd>эпителий</kwd><kwd>строма</kwd><kwd>десцеметова мембрана</kwd><kwd>эндотелий</kwd><kwd>ионные каналы</kwd><kwd>визуализация in vivo</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cornea</kwd><kwd>epithelium</kwd><kwd>stroma</kwd><kwd>Descemet's membrane</kwd><kwd>endothelium</kwd><kwd>ion channels</kwd><kwd>in vivo visualization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Офтальмология: национальное руководство. Под ред. Аветисова С.Э., Егорова Е.А., Мошето-вой Л.К. и др. 2-е изд. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oftal'mologiya: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. Pod red. 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