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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-1-66-73</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1503</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Полидендроциты – недифференцированные клетки нервной системы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Polydendrocytes – undifferentiated cells of the nervous system</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-4417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вихарева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vikhareva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вихарева Лариса Владимировна – д-р. мед. наук, профессор, кафедра анатомии человека, топографической анатомии и оперативной хирургии</p><p>ул. Одесская, 54, Тюмень, 625023</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa V Vikhareva – Doct. Med. Sci., Prof., department of human anatomy, topographic anatomy and operative surgery</p><p>Ul. Odesskaya, 54, Tyumen, 625023</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vikharevalv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-3648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новиков Евгений Игоревич</p><p>г. Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii I Novikov</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">enovikov307@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-0830</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новикова Елизавета Сергеевна</p><p>г. Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta S Novikova</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liza.k7979@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маргарян</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Margaryan</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маргарян Артур Ванушович</p><p>г. Тюмень</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artur V Margaryan</p><p>Tyumen</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vikharevalv@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tyumen State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Западно-Сибирский медицинский центр Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>West Siberian Medical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вихарева Л.В., Новиков Е.И., Новикова Е.С., Маргарян А.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вихарева Л.В., Новиков Е.И., Новикова Е.С., Маргарян А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vikhareva L.V., Novikov E.I., Novikova E.S., Margaryan A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1503">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1503</self-uri><abstract><p>Клетки-предшественники олигодендроцитов, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) были впервые описаны более двух десятилетий назад. Новые методы маркировки выявили, что они являются самостоятельными клетками с высоким потенциалом репарации нервной ткани, и их классифицировали как четвертый тип глиальных клеток в дополнение к астроцитам, олигодендроцитам и микроглиальным клеткам. Другой термин, используемый для обозначения таких клеток – полидендроциты, что связано как с их морфологией, так и с развивающимися знаниями об их разнообразных функциях. OPCs играют важную роль в развитии и миелиногенезе у взрослых, давая начало олигодендроцитам, которые покрывают аксоны, обеспечивая изоляцию сигнала миелиновой оболочкой, что позволяет ускорить распространение потенциала действия и обеспечить высокую точность передачи без необходимости увеличения диаметра аксона. Потеря или отсутствие OPCs и, как следствие, отсутствие дифференцированных олигодендроцитов ассоциируется с потерей миелинизации и последующим нарушением неврологических функций. Демиелинизация характерна для множества заболеваний, таких как рассеянный склероз, болезнь Альцгеймера, шизофрения, а также детский церебральный паралич и когнитивные нарушения детского возраста. Кроме того, OPCs экспрессируют рецепторы для различных нейротрансмиттеров и подвергаются деполяризации мембраны, получая синаптические сигналы от нейронов. Исследованию функционала и возможностей использования полидендроцитов в качестве клеток-мишеней для лечения и профилактики заболеваний нервной ткани посвящено множество работ. В настоящее время в нашей стране нет работ, посвященных исследованию морфологии, функции и возможностей OPCs. В этом обзоре мы рассмотрели историю открытия полидендроцитов, их локализацию и миграционные потенции, а также возможности ремиелинизации посредством OPCs при гипоксическом повреждении в эмбриональном и постнатальном периоде.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were first described more than two decades ago. New marker techniques have revealed that they are independent cells with the high nerve tissue repair potential, and they have been classified as the fourth glial cell type in addition to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells. Another term used for this type of cells is polydendrocytes, this is due to both their morphology and developing knowledge of their diverse functions. OPCs play an important role in the development and myelinogenesis in adults giving rise to oligodendrocytes that cover axons providing signal isolation by the myelin sheath, thus accelerating action potential propagation and ensuring high transmission fidelity without the need for an increased axon diameter. Loss or absence of oligodendrocyte precursors and the resulting absence of differentiated oligodendrocytes are associated with lost myelination and subsequent impairment of neurological functions. Demyelination is a feature of various diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, infantile cerebral palsy and childhood cognitive impairment. Moreover, OPCs express receptors for various neurotransmitters and are exposed to membrane depolarisation to receive synaptic signals from neurons. Numerous research studies have been investigated polydendrocyte functionality and potential for use as target cells in the treatment and prevention of neural tissue diseases. There are no studies related to morphology, functionality and potential of oligodendrocyte precursors in our country. In this review we highlight issues of the polydendrocyte discovery, their localization and migration potential, possibilities of remyelination through OPCs in hypoxic injury in the embryonic and postnatal period.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полидендроциты</kwd><kwd>NG2+-клетки</kwd><kwd>ремиелинизация</kwd><kwd>гипоксически-ишемическая энцефалопатия</kwd><kwd>олигодендроглия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>polydendrocytes</kwd><kwd>NG2+-cells</kwd><kwd>remyelination</kwd><kwd>hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy</kwd><kwd>oligodendroglia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alchanatis M, Deligiorgis N, Zias N, Amfilochiou A, Gotsis E, Karakatsani A, et al. Frontal brain lobe impairment in obstructive sleep apnoea: a proton MR spectroscopy study. 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