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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-1-36-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1499</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL PAPERS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Различия и закономерности макромикроскопического строения сухожилий конечностей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Differences and regularities of the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb tendons</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-7300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каган</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kagan</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каган Илья Иосифович – д-р. мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры оперативной хирургии и клинической анатомии им. С.С. Михайлова</p><p>Ул. Советская, 6, Оренбург, 460000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Il'ya I Kagan – Doct. Med. Sci., Prof., Professor of S.S. Mikhailov operative surgery and clinical anatomy department</p><p>Ul. Sovetskaya, 6, Orenburg, 460000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kaganil@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4903-7974</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивлев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivlev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ивлев Владислав Васильевич</p><p>г. Оренбург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav V Ivlev</p><p>Orenburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladis.iwlev2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8085-3307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурьянов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gur'yanov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гурьянов Андрей Михайлович – канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>г. Оренбург</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrei M Gur'yanov – Cand. Med. Sci., Assoc. Prof.</p><p>Orenburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">guryanna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Оренбургский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Orenburg State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каган И.И., Ивлев В.В., Гурьянов А.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каган И.И., Ивлев В.В., Гурьянов А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kagan I.I., Ivlev V.V., Gur'yanov A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1499">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1499</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – представление различий и закономерностей в макромикроскопическом строении сухожилий мышц конечностей, выявленных путем сравнительного анализа и обобщения выполненных исследований.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Исследованы поперечные гистотопограммы 519 сухожилий 17 различных мышц верхних и нижних конечностей, полученных от 93 трупов людей и от ампутированных конечностей 10 оперированных пациентов. Поперечные срезы сухожилий толщиной до 20 мкм окрашивали пикрофуксином по Ван-Гизону и гематоксилином–эозином. Изучение и фотографирование гистотопограмм проводили с использованием стереоскопического микроскопа МБС-10.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Получены обобщенные данные о макромикроскопическом строении сухожилий конечностей. Установлены общие закономерности внутреннего макромикроскопического строения сухожилий. Показано их прикладное значение для совершенствования восстановительной микрохирургии сухожилий. Выявлены индивидуальные различия и различия между сухожилиями разных мышц на уровне строения сухожильных пучков: количество, размеры, архитектоника сухожильных пучков 1-го порядка. Сухожильные пучки 1-го порядка являются главной структурной единицей макромикроскопического строения сухожилий мышц конечностей. В зависимости от размеров площади поперечного сечения они могут быть разделены на мелкие (0,004–0,009 мм2), средние (0,01–0,04 мм2), крупные (0,05–0,09 мм2) и очень крупные (0,1–0,5 мм2). Обнаружены различия в количестве, соотношении и архитектонике сухожильных пучков на разных уровнях одного сухожилия, что позволяет предполагать существование деления и слияния сухожильных пучков 1-го порядка на протяжении сухожилия.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Макромикроскопическое строение сухожилий мышц верхней и нижней конечности наряду с особенностями и различиями строения сухожилий разных мышц обнаруживает общие закономерности пучкового строения, имеющие теоретическое и прикладное значение.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study was to present differences and regularities in the macro- and microscopic structure of the muscle tendons of the limbs identified by comparative analysis and generalization of the obtained findings.</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study included transverse histotopograms of 519 tendons of 17 different muscles of the upper and lower limbs. Histotopograms were received from 93 human cadavers and amputated limbs of 10 patients. Transverse sections of tendons up to 20 μm thick were stained with picrofuchsin according to Van Gieson, and hematoxylin–eosin. Histotopograms were studied and photographed using a stereoscopic microscope MBS-10.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The authors have generalized data on the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb tendons. General regularities of the internal macro- and microscopic structure of the tendons have been specified. It has been demonstrated that these regularities are of applied relevance for improvement of restorative tendon microsurgery. Individual differences and differences between the tendons of different muscles at the structural level were revealed: the number, size, architectonics of the tendon bundles of the 1st order. Tendon bundles of the 1st  order are the main structural units of the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb muscle tendons. Depending on the size of the cross-sectional area, they can be divided into small (0.004–0.009 mm2), medium (0.01–0.04 mm2), large (0.05–0.09 mm2) and very large (0.1–0.5 mm2). There were detected differences in the number, ratio and architectonics of the tendon bundles at different levels within one tendon; this allows assuming division and fusion of tendon bundles of the 1st order throughout the tendon.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The macro- and microscopic structure of the muscle tendons of the upper and lower limbs demonstrates general regularities and differences in the structure of the various muscle tendons, the fact being of theoretical and applied significance.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сухожилия конечностей</kwd><kwd>макромикроскопическое строение</kwd><kwd>сухожильные пучки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>muscle tendons of the limbs</kwd><kwd>macro- and microscopic structure</kwd><kwd>tendon bundles</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеенко Б.А. 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