<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2021-10-3-15-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1368</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Отек-набухание как стандартная дозозависимая реакция зубчатой извилины гиппокампальной формации на острую ишемию</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Edema-Swelling as a Standard Dose-Dependent Response of the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Formation to Acute Ischemia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Д. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулинин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акулинин Виктор Александрович</p><p>ул. Ленина, 12, г. Омск, 644099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Victor Akulinin</p><p>ul. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_akulinin@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шоронова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shoronova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарьева</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makar'eva</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кучерук</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kucheruk</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржук</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhuk</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омcк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Омcкий государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Омcкий государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный аграрный университет им. П. А. Столыпина»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University;&#13;
P.A. Stolypin Omsk State Agrarian University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авдеев Д.Б., Акулинин В.А., Горбунова А.В., Степанов С.С., Шоронова А.Ю., Макарьева Л.М., Кучерук А.Н., Коржук М.С., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авдеев Д.Б., Акулинин В.А., Горбунова А.В., Степанов С.С., Шоронова А.Ю., Макарьева Л.М., Кучерук А.Н., Коржук М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Avdeev D.B., Akulinin V.A., Gorbunova A.V., Stepanov S.S., Shoronova A.Y., Makar'eva L.M., Kucheruk A.N., Korzhuk M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1368">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1368</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель – изучить структурные изменения и дать морфометрическую характеристику проявлениям отека-набухания зубчатой извилины (ЗИ) гиппокампальной формации половозрелых белых крыс после различной по продолжительности окклюзии (ООСА) и перевязки (ПОСА) общих сонных артерий.Материал и методы. Острую ишемию моделировали на белых взрослых крысах Wistar путем 20-, 30- и 40-минутной ООСА и ПОСА общих сонных артерий. Для морфологического исследования использовали гистологические (окраска гематоксилином и эозином, окраска по Нисслю), иммуногистохимические (MAP-2, GFAP) и морфометрические методы исследования. Морфометрический анализ проявлений отеканабухания осуществляли на препаратах, окрашенных гематоксилином и эозином, с помощью плагинов программы ImageJ 1.53 (Find Maxima, Find Foci). Проверку статистических гипотез (непараметрические критерии) проводили в программе Statistica 8.0.Результаты. В ЗИ гиппокампальной формации белых крыс после реперфузии выраженная инволюция крупных зон отека-набухания в группах I, II, III происходила через 7–14 сут, а в группе IV (перевязка) проявления отека-набухания сохранялись в течение 30 сут. Для молекулярного и полиморфного слоев ЗИ отмечалась аналогичная динамика, но значения, выбранной для оценки проявлений отека-набухания интегральной переменной (общей интенсивности пикселей пика) отличались. Наибольшую относительную площадь наиболее ярких пиков выявляли после двусторонней ООСА (группы II и III) и ПОСА (группа IV), наименьшую – после односторонней ООСА (группа I). Существенно то, что после легкой ишемии (20- и 30-мин ООСА) данный показатель увеличивался только через 1 и 3 сут, а затем уменьшался. После более тяжелой ишемии (40-мин ООСА) подобные проявления гипергидратации отмечались через 1–7 сут. При ПОСА высокий уровень гипергидратации ЗИ констатировали в течение всего периода наблюдения (30 сут), о чем свидетельствовала высокая относительная площадь всех наиболее ярких пиков. Статистически значимые различия выявлены при сравнении всех групп по всем срокам, между группами через 14 и 30 сут, между сроками в группах I, II и III (ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test; Mann–Whitney U-test).Заключение. После ООСА и ПОСА восстановление структур сенсорного входа гиппокампа (ЗИ) происходит на фоне длительного сохранения признаков гипергидратации нейропиля, перинейрональных и периваскулярных пространств (ножки астроцитов). Крайняя степень этих проявлений отмечается после ПОСА и свидетельствует о срыве дренажно-детоксикационной функции астроцитов. При ООСА длительное сохранение проявлений отека-набухания целесообразно рассматривать и как условие реализации механизмов саногенеза и восстановления нервной ткани ЗИ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of research was to study structural changes and give a morphometric characteristic of the edemaswelling manifestations of the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation in sexually mature white rats after common carotid artery occlusion (OCCA) of different duration and ligation (LCCA) of the common carotid arteries.Material and methods. Acute ischemia was simulated in white adult Wistar rats by 20-, 30-, and 40-min occlusion and ligation of the common carotid arteries. Histological (staining with hematoxylin-eosin, according to Nissl), immunohistochemical (NSE, MAP-2, GFAP) and morphometric research techniques were used for morphological investigations. Morphometric analysis of the edema-swelling manifestations was carried out on samples stained with hematoxylin-eosin using plugins of the ImageJ 1.53 program (Find Maxima, Find Foci). Statistical hypotheses (nonparametric tests) were tested using Statistica 8.0 software.Results. After reperfusion, pronounced involution of large zones of edema-swelling occurred in the DG of the hippocampal formation in white rats of the groups I, II, III after 7–14 days, and in rats of the group IV (ligation) the edema-swelling manifestations persisted for 30 days. Similar dynamics was recorded for the molecular and polymorphic layer of the DG, but the values of the integral variable chosen to assess the edema-swelling manifestations (the total intensity of the peak pixels) were different. The largest relative area of the brightest peaks was detected after bilateral ОССА (groups II and III) and LCCA (group IV), the smallest – after unilateral ОССА (group I). It is significant that after mild ischemia (20- and 30-min ОССА), the parameter increased only in 1 and 3 days, and then decreased. After more severe ischemia (40-min ОССА), similar manifestations of overhydration were observed in 1–7 days. With LССА, a high level of DG overhydration was noted throughout the observation period, as evidenced by the high relative area of all the brightest peaks. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing all groups for all periods, between groups in 14 and 30 days, between periods in groups I, II, and III (ANOVA Kruskal–Wallis test; Mann–Whitney U-test).Conclusion. After ОССА and LССА the restoration of the structures of the sensory input of the hippocampus (DG) occurs together with long-term preservation of signs of hyperhydration of the neuropil, perineuronal and perivascular spaces (legs of astrocytes). The extreme degree of these manifestations after LССА evidences a disruption of the drainage-detoxification function of astrocytes. In ОССА, long-term preservation of the edema-swelling manifestations is recommended to be considered as a condition for the implementation of the mechanisms of sanogenesis and restoration of the DG nervous tissue.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ишемия</kwd><kwd>зубчатая извилина</kwd><kwd>отек-набухание</kwd><kwd>морфометрия</kwd><kwd>иммуногистохимия</kwd><kwd>крысы Wistar</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ischemia</kwd><kwd>dentate gyrus</kwd><kwd>edema-swelling</kwd><kwd>morphometry</kwd><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>Wistar rats</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Акулинин В.А., Авдеев Д.Б., Степанов А.С., Горбунова А.В., Степанов С.С., Цускман И.Г. Особенности глиоархитектоники неокортекса, архикортекса и миндалевидного тела белых крыс после 20-мин окклюзии общих сонных артерий. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2019;18(4):7–15 doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2019-4-7-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akulinin VA, Avdeev DB, Stepanov AS, Gorbunova AV, Stepanov SS, Tsuskman IG. Cytoarchitectonic features of the neocortex, archicortex and amygdala of white rats after a 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2020 Jan 14;18(4):7–15 (in Russian). doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2019-4-7-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бонь Е.И., Максимович Н.Е. Сравнительный анализ морфологических нарушений нейронов теменной коры и гиппокампа крыс при различных видах экспериментальной ишемии головного мозга. Оренбургский медицинский вестник. 2021;9(2):29–37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bon EI, Maksimovich NE. Comparative analysis of morphological disturbances of the neurons of the rats parietal cortex and hippocampus in different types of experimental brain ischemia. Orenburgskiy meditsinskiy vestnik. 2021;9(2):29–37]. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровиков В. Statistica. Искусство анализа данных на компьютере. 2-ое изд. Санкт-Петербург: Питер; 2003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovikov V. Statistica. Iskusstvo analiza dannykh na komp'yutere. 2-oe izd. SanktPeterburg: Piter; 2003]. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбунова А.В., Авдеев Д.Б., Степанов С.С., Акулинин В.А., Степанов А.С., Шоронова А.Ю., и др. Глиоцитоархитектоника зубчатой извилины и поля СА4 гиппокампа головного мозга белых крыс после 20-минутной окклюзии общих сонных артерий. Общая реаниматология. 2019;15(6):26–37. doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2019-6-26-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbunova AV, Avdeev DB, Stepanov SS, Akulinin VA, Stepanov AS, Shoronova AYu, et al. Glial Cell Architecture Dynamics in Dentate Gyrus and CA4 Area of Wistar Rat Hippocampus Following 20-minute Occlusion of Common Carotid Arteries. General Reanimatology. 2019 Dec 24;15(6):26–37] (in Russian). doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2019-6-26-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбунова А.В., Кошман И.П., Авдеев Д.Б., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., и др. Сравнительная характеристика структурнофункциональных изменения поля СА3 гиппокампа после острой ишемии и травмы головного мозга белых крыс. Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии. 2020;9(4):19–30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbunova AV, Koshman IP, Shoronova AYu, Avdeev DB, Akulinin VA, Stepanov SS, et al. Comparative Characteristics of Structural and Functional Changes in the Hippocampal CA3 Region in White Rats After Acute Ischemia and Brain Injury. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2021 Jan 18;9(4):19–30]. (in Russian). doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-4-19-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моргун А.В., Малиновская Н.А., Комлева Ю.К., Лопатина О.Л., Кувачева Н.В., Панина Ю.А., и др. Структурная и функциональная гетерогенность астроцитов головного мозга: роль в нейродегенерации и нейровоспалении. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2014;13(5):138–48. doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2014-5-138-148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgun AV, Malinovskaya NA, Komleva YuK, Lopatina OL, Kuvacheva NV, Panina YuA, et al. Structural and functional heterogeneity of astrocytes in the brain: role in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2014 Oct 28;13(5):138–48 (in Russian). doi: 10.20538/1682-0363-2014-5-138-148.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов А.С., Акулинин В.А., Мыцик А.В., Степанов С.С., Авдеев Д.Б. Нейро-глиососудистые комплексы головного мозга после острой ишемии. Общая реаниматология. 2017;13(6):.6–17 doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-6-6-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov AS, Akulinin VA, Mysik AV, Stepanov SS, Avdeev DB. Neuro-GlioVascular Complexes of the Brain After Acute Ischemia. General Reanimatology. 2017 Jan 1;13(6):6–17 (in Russian). doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2017-6-6-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adeva MM, Souto G, Donapetry C, Portals M, Rodriguez A, Lamas D. Brain edema in diseases of different etiology. Neurochemistry International. 2012 Jul;61(2):166–74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.05.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adeva MM, Souto G, Donapetry C, Portals M, Rodriguez A, Lamas D. Brain edema in diseases of different etiology. Neurochemistry International. 2012 Jul;61(2):166–74. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.05.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akdemir G, Kaymaz F, Gursoy-Özdemir Y, Akalan N, Akdemir E. The time course changes in expression of aquaporin 4 and aquaporin 1 following global cerebral ischemic edema in rat. Surgical Neurology International. 2016;7(1):4. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.173316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akdemir G, Kaymaz F, Gursoy-Özdemir Y, Akalan N, Akdemir E. The time course changes in expression of aquaporin 4 and aquaporin 1 following global cerebral ischemic edema in rat. Surgical Neurology International. 2016;7(1):4. doi: 10.4103/2152-7806.173316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amaral DG, Scharfman HE, Lavenex P. The dentate gyrus: fundamental neuroanatomical organization (dentate gyrus for dummies). The Dentate Gyrus: A Comprehensive Guide to Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications. 2007;163:3–790. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63001-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amaral DG, Scharfman HE, Lavenex P. The dentate gyrus: fundamental neuroanatomical organization (dentate gyrus for dummies). The Dentate Gyrus: A Comprehensive Guide to Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications. 2007;163:3–790. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)63001-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai J, Lyden PD. Revisiting Cerebral Postischemic Reperfusion Injury: New Insights in Understanding Reperfusion Failure, Hemorrhage, and Edema. International Journal of Stroke. 2015 Jan 19;10(2):143–52. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12434.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai J, Lyden PD. Revisiting Cerebral Postischemic Reperfusion Injury: New Insights in Understanding Reperfusion Failure, Hemorrhage, and Edema. International Journal of Stroke. 2015 Jan 19;10(2):143–52. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12434.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belov Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M. Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2020 Mar 19;14:51. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00051.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M. Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2020 Mar 19;14:51. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00051.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolon B, Garman R, Jensen K, Krinke G, Stuart B. A “Best Practices” Approach to Neuropathologic Assessment in Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing—for Today. Toxicologic Pathology. 2006 Apr;34(3):296–31. doi: 10.1080/01926230600713269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolon B, Garman R, Jensen K, Krinke G, Stuart B. A “Best Practices” Approach to Neuropathologic Assessment in Developmental Neurotoxicity Testing—for Today. Toxicologic Pathology. 2006 Apr;34(3):296–31. doi: 10.1080/01926230600713269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dalkara T, Alarcon-Martinez L, Yemisci M. Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2019;1147:189–213. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dalkara T, Alarcon-Martinez L, Yemisci M. Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2019;1147:189–213. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding Y, Liu J, Xu Y, Dong X, Shao B. Evolutionary Adaptation of Aquaporin-4 in Yak (Bos grunniens) Brain to High-Altitude Hypoxia of QinghaiTibetan Plateau. High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology. 2020 Mar 9. doi: 10.1089/ham.2019.0076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding Y, Liu J, Xu Y, Dong X, Shao B. Evolutionary Adaptation of Aquaporin-4 in Yak (Bos grunniens) Brain to High-Altitude Hypoxia of QinghaiTibetan Plateau. High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology. 2020 Mar 9. doi: 10.1089/ham.2019.0076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dreier JP, Lemale CL, Kola V, Friedman A, Schoknecht K. Spreading depolarization is not an epiphenomenon but the principal mechanism of the cytotoxic edema in various gray matter structures of the brain during stroke. Neuropharmacology. 2018 May;134:189–207. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dreier JP, Lemale CL, Kola V, Friedman A, Schoknecht K. Spreading depolarization is not an epiphenomenon but the principal mechanism of the cytotoxic edema in various gray matter structures of the brain during stroke. Neuropharmacology. 2018 May;134:189–207. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duncan GJ, Simkins TJ, Emery B. NeuronOligodendrocyte Interactions in the Structure and Integrity of Axons. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021 Mar 8;9:653101. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duncan GJ, Simkins TJ, Emery B. NeuronOligodendrocyte Interactions in the Structure and Integrity of Axons. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021 Mar 8;9:653101. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrer I, Vidal N. Neuropathology of cerebrovascular diseases. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2018;(145):79–114. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00007-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrer I, Vidal N. Neuropathology of cerebrovascular diseases. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 2018;(145):79–114. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802395-2.00007-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herbert AD, Carr AM, Hoffmann E. FindFoci: A Focus Detection Algorithm with Automated Parameter Training That Closely Matches Human Assignments, Reduces Human Inconsistencies and Increases Speed of Analysis. Lichten M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):e114749. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114749.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herbert AD, Carr AM, Hoffmann E. FindFoci: A Focus Detection Algorithm with Automated Parameter Training That Closely Matches Human Assignments, Reduces Human Inconsistencies and Increases Speed of Analysis. Lichten M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):e114749. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114749.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinzman JM, DiNapoli VA, Mahoney EJ, Gerhardt GA, Hartings JA. Spreading depolarizations mediate excitotoxicity in the development of acute cortical lesions. Experimental Neurology. 2015 May;267:243–53. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinzman JM, DiNapoli VA, Mahoney EJ, Gerhardt GA, Hartings JA. Spreading depolarizations mediate excitotoxicity in the development of acute cortical lesions. Experimental Neurology. 2015 May;267:243–53. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ito U, Hakamata Y, Kawakami E, Oyanagi K. Degeneration of Astrocytic Processes and Their Mitochondria in Cerebral Cortical Regions Peripheral to the Cortical Infarction. Stroke. 2009 Jun;40(6):2173–81. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.534990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ito U, Hakamata Y, Kawakami E, Oyanagi K. Degeneration of Astrocytic Processes and Their Mitochondria in Cerebral Cortical Regions Peripheral to the Cortical Infarction. Stroke. 2009 Jun;40(6):2173–81. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.534990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. This was the year that was: brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2019. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2020 Mar 5;17(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12987-020-00181-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. This was the year that was: brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2019. Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 2020 Mar 5;17(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12987-020-00181-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krueger M, Mages B, Hobusch C, Michalski D. Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2019 Feb 11;7(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40478-019-0671-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krueger M, Mages B, Hobusch C, Michalski D. Endothelial edema precedes blood-brain barrier breakdown in early time points after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 2019 Feb 11;7(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40478-019-0671-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishi K, Tanegashima A, Yamamoto Y, Ushiyama I, Yamazaki S, Nishikawa Y, et al. Histochemical characteristic of perivascular space in the brain with an advanced edema. Legal Medicine. 2003 Mar;5:S280–4. doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00150-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishi K, Tanegashima A, Yamamoto Y, Ushiyama I, Yamazaki S, Nishikawa Y, et al. Histochemical characteristic of perivascular space in the brain with an advanced edema. Legal Medicine. 2003 Mar;5:S280–4. doi: 10.1016/s1344-6223(02)00150-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ooigawa H, Nawashiro H, Fukui S, Otani N, Osumi A, Toyooka T, et al. The fate of Nisslstained dark neurons following traumatic brain injury in rats: difference between neocortex and hippocampus regarding survival rate. Acta Neuropathologica. 2006 Jul 21;112(4):471–81. doi: 10.1007/s00401-006-0108-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ooigawa H, Nawashiro H, Fukui S, Otani N, Osumi A, Toyooka T, et al. The fate of Nisslstained dark neurons following traumatic brain injury in rats: difference between neocortex and hippocampus regarding survival rate. Acta Neuropathologica. 2006 Jul 21;112(4):471–81. doi: 10.1007/s00401-006-0108-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 5th ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 5th ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pekny M, Pekna M. Astrocyte Reactivity and Reactive Astrogliosis: Costs and Benefits. Physiological Reviews. 2014 Oct;94(4):1077–98. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pekny M, Pekna M. Astrocyte Reactivity and Reactive Astrogliosis: Costs and Benefits. Physiological Reviews. 2014 Oct;94(4):1077–98. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramachandran VS. Encyclopedia of human behavior. 2nd ed. Amsterdam. Elsevier Academic Press; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramachandran VS. Encyclopedia of human behavior. 2nd ed. Amsterdam. Elsevier Academic Press; 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salmond CH. Cognitive sequelae of head injury: involvement of basal forebrain and associated structures. Brain. 2004 Nov 17;128(1):189–200. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salmond CH. Cognitive sequelae of head injury: involvement of basal forebrain and associated structures. Brain. 2004 Nov 17;128(1):189–200. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh352.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schultz C, Engelhardt M. Anatomy of the Hippocampal Formation. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. 2014;(34):6–17. doi: 10.1159/000360925.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schultz C, Engelhardt M. Anatomy of the Hippocampal Formation. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. 2014;(34):6–17. doi: 10.1159/000360925.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi K, Tian D-C, Li Z-G, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Shi F-D. Global brain inflammation in stroke. The Lancet Neurology. 2019 Nov 1;18(11):1058–66. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30078-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi K, Tian D-C, Li Z-G, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Shi F-D. Global brain inflammation in stroke. The Lancet Neurology. 2019 Nov 1;18(11):1058–66. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30078-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spitz G, Bigler ED, Abildskov T, Maller JJ, O’Sullivan R, Ponsford JL. Regional cortical volume and cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury. Brain and Cognition. 2013 Oct;83(1):34–44. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spitz G, Bigler ED, Abildskov T, Maller JJ, O’Sullivan R, Ponsford JL. Regional cortical volume and cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury. Brain and Cognition. 2013 Oct;83(1):34–44. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Kummer R, Dzialowski I. Imaging of cerebral ischemic edema and neuronal death. Neuroradiology. 2017 May 24;59(6):545–53. doi: 10.1007/s00234-017-1847-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Kummer R, Dzialowski I. Imaging of cerebral ischemic edema and neuronal death. Neuroradiology. 2017 May 24;59(6):545–53. doi: 10.1007/s00234-017-1847-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y-F, Parpura V. Astroglial Modulation of Hydromineral Balance and Cerebral Edema. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2018 Jun 12;11:204. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y-F, Parpura V. Astroglial Modulation of Hydromineral Balance and Cerebral Edema. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2018 Jun 12;11:204. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
