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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2021-10-2-89-102</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1319</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ МОРФОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Медицинские  инструменты  в  Императорской  России:  от  кустарного  изготовления  до  промышленного производства, возглавляемого ведущим хирургом Н.Л. Бидлоо</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical instruments in Imperial Russia: from a  blacksmith to a factory for medical instruments,  headed by a leading surgeon N.L. Bidloo</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хендрикс</surname><given-names>И. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hendriks</surname><given-names>I. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Inge F. Hendriks, MA, Department of the Executive Board, Post zone H-01-46,</p><p>  PO  Box  9600,  2300  RC Leiden</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.f.hendriks@lumc.nl</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ястребинский</surname><given-names>Г. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yastrebinskii</surname><given-names>G. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravlev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бур</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boer</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайворонский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaivoronskii</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хогендоорн</surname><given-names>П. К.В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hogendoorn</surname><given-names>P. C. W.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Медицинский центр Лейденского университета, Лейден<country>Нидерланды</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden<country>Netherlands</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Государственный Эрмитаж, Санкт Петербург<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">State Museum Hermitage, St. Petersburg<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинский музей, Санкт Петербург<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Military Medical Museum, St. Petersburg<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» Минобороны России, Санкт Петербург<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>89</fpage><lpage>102</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хендрикс И.Ф., Ястребинский Г.Б., Журавлев Д.А., Бур Ф., Гайворонский И.В., Хогендоорн П.К., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хендрикс И.Ф., Ястребинский Г.Б., Журавлев Д.А., Бур Ф., Гайворонский И.В., Хогендоорн П.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hendriks I.F., Yastrebinskii G.B., Zhuravlev D.A., Boer F., Gaivoronskii I.V., Hogendoorn P.C.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1319">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1319</self-uri><abstract><p>Два «великих посольства» в Европу изменили взгляд Петра Великого на мир и помогли ему начать реформы в России. Еще в детстве он проявлял особый интерес к медицине. В период проведения реформ Петр  рассматривал медицину  в  двух направлениях,  с  одной  стороны  стремился  использовать  ее  для  немедленного применения в текущей практике, с другой  –для подготовки специалистов в области фундаментальной науки. Он основал в Москве первый постоянный сухопутный госпиталь, и при нем –школу для  подготовки  студентов,  чтобы  они  стали  докторами медицины  и  научились  делать  свои  собственные медицинские инструменты, в том числе, по образцу Лейденской медицинской школы. В Санкт-Петербурге по  повелению  Петра  также  были  открыты  Адмиралтейский  и  Сухопутный  госпитали,  предназначенные для подготовки лекарей для армии и флота. В Санкт-Петербурге по указу Петра I была построена Мастеровая изба –первый завод массового производства медицинских инструментов.</p><p>Преемники Петра Великого следовали его политике в области медицины. ЕкатеринаВеликая сделала попытку объединить оба направления  –развитие практической медицины и науки. Во время правления царя Александра I и его брата Николая I произошло слияние этих направлений и получило дальнейшее развитие. Правители осознавали, что тесное сотрудничество врача и мастера необходимо для создания и производства необходимых медицинских инструментов. Они считали, что при правильной конструкции  медицинские  инструменты  и  устройства  повышают безопасность  проводимых  оперативных вмешательств.</p><p>В  данной  работе уделено  внимание  исследованию  вопросов  разработки  и  производства  медицинских инструментов в Российской империи. Указанный вопрос в современной историографии является малоизученным.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The two Grand Embassies to Europe and his view on the world helped Peter the Great to start reforms.Already as a child, he had abroad interest in medicine. Peter often followed a two-track policy. One for immediate application in the current practice and one for the development of specialists in collaboration with science. Peter established a medico-surgical hospital school in Moscow to prepare the students to become doctor medicinae and learn to make their own medical instruments along the line of the Leiden medical school. In Saint Pe tersburg, he opened a navy and an army hospital, intended to train students as a barber-surgeon for the army and navy. Also in Saint Petersburg Peter built the first factory for "mass" production to provide the military with medical instruments.His successors followed his two-track policy. Catherine the Great started to merge the two tracks. During the reign of Tsar Aleksander I and his brother Nicholas I, the merger came together and was further developed. They understood that strong cooperation between a physician and a designer is essential to create and produce useful medical instruments. If correctly designed, medical instruments and devices increase safety for the patient. We will shed light on the development and manufacture of medical instruments and appliances in Imperial Russia, an underdeveloped subject in the world medical history.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Нидерланды</kwd><kwd>Россия  (до  1917 г.)</kwd><kwd>история</kwd><kwd>медицина</kwd><kwd>медицинские  инструменты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Netherlands</kwd><kwd>Russia (pre-1917)</kwd><kwd>history</kwd><kwd>medicine</kwd><kwd>medical instruments</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abashin VG, Tsvelev I.Doctor Medicinae Nikolaas Bidloo, serving Russia. Saint Petersburg:Voennomeditsinskaya akademiya im. S.M.Kirova; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abashin VG, Tsvelev I.Doctor Medicinae Nikolaas Bidloo, serving Russia. 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