<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-4-19-30</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1198</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная характеристика структурно-функциональных изменения поля СА3 гиппокампа после острой ишемии и травмы головного мозга белых крыс</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative Characteristics of Structural and Functional Changes in the Hippocampal CA3 Region in White Rats After Acute Ischemia and Brain Injury</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошман</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koshman</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шоронова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shoronova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Д. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>D. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акулинин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akulinin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акулинин Виктор Александрович</p><p>ул. Ленина, 12, Омск, 644099</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor Akulinin</p><p>ul. Lenina, 12, Omsk, 644099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_akulinin@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарьева</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makar'eva</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржук</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhuk</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Омск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Omsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Омский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Omsk State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Горбунова А.В., Кошман И.П., Шоронова А.Ю., Авдеев Д.Б., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., Степанов А.С., Макарьева Л.М., Коржук М.С., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Горбунова А.В., Кошман И.П., Шоронова А.Ю., Авдеев Д.Б., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., Степанов А.С., Макарьева Л.М., Коржук М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gorbunova A.V., Koshman I.P., Shoronova A.Y., Avdeev D.B., Akulinin V.A., Stepanov S.S., Stepanov A.S., Makar'eva L.M., Korzhuk M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1198">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1198</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – изучить пирамидные нейроны и астроциты поля СА3 гиппокампа головного мозга белых крыс в динамике после острой ишемии и тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмы.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Острую ишемию моделировали путем 20-минутной окклюзии общих сонных артерий (ООСА), а тяжелая черепно-мозговая травма (ТЧМТ) – ударом свободно падающего груза. Использовали окраску по Нисслю, гематоксилином и эозином, иммуногистохимические реакции на NSE, MAP-2, p38, GFAP. Пролиферативную активность клеток оценивали с помощью реакции на Ki-67. Исследование проведено на тонких (4 мкм) серийных фронтальных срезах в контроле (животные без патологических факторов, n=5), через 1, 3, 7 и 14 суток после экспериментального моделирования ООСА (n=20) и ТЧМТ (n=20). Морфометрический анализ проводили с использованием программы ImageJ 1.52s. Определяли относительную площадь зон отека-набухания в нейропиле, численную плотность пирамидных нейронов, содержание дистрофически и некробиотически измененных нейронов, содержание нейронов с одним и более ядрышками, пролиферирующих клеток, плотность крупных стволов дендритов пирамидных нейронов, общую численную плотность и относительную площадь гигантских синаптических терминалей в stratum lucidum. Оценку характера распределения вариационных рядов, проверку статистических гипотез, построение графиков проводили с помощью программ Statistica 8.0 и среды R.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Летальность между группами не различалась и не превышала 7%. Через 1 сутки после ООСА и ТЧМТ статистически значимо увеличивались относительный объем отека-набухания, содержание дистрофически и некробиотически измененных нейронов, уменьшалась общая численная плотность и относительная площадь терминалей, но общая численная плотность нейронов не изменялась. Через 3, 7 и 14 суток активировались механизмы нейро-, глио- и синаптической пластичности. Увеличивалось содержание нейронов с двумя и более ядрышками, общее количество и содержание гипертрофированных астроцитов, восстанавливался цитоскелет поврежденных нейронов и увеличивалось содержание межнейронных синапсов. В течение периода с 3-х до 14-х суток общая численная плотность нейронов при ООСА уменьшалась на 16.3%, а при ТЧМТ – на 33.7% (p=0.001). Патологические и компенсаторно-восстановительные изменения носили диффузно-очаговый характер и проявлялись более выражено после ТЧМТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Таким образом, после ООСА и ТЧМТ в поле СА3 гиппокампа отмечались однотипные очаговые гетерохронные и гетероморфные дистрофические, некробиотические и компенсаторно-восстановительные изменения нервной ткани. Структурно-функциональное восстановление происходило на фоне уменьшения общей численной плотности пирамидных нейронов и отека-набухания нервной ткани. Более выраженные дистрофические и некробиотические изменения при ТЧМТ сочетались с более выраженными компенсаторно-восстановительными изменениями астроцитов и гигантских межнейронных синапсов поля СА3 гиппокампа. Выявленные изменения рассматривались как основа стандартной перманентной компенсаторно-восстановительной реорганизации нервной ткани гиппокампа в постишемическом и посттравматическом периоде.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study was to study pyramidal neurons and astrocytes of the hippocampal CA3 region in dynamics in white rats after acute ischemia and severe traumatic brain injury.</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Acute ischemia was simulated by 20-minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries (CCA), and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) by a free-falling weight impact. The Nissl staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical reactions for NSE, MAP-2, p38, GFAP were used in the study. The proliferative activity of the cells was assessed using the Ki-67 response. The study was carried out on thin (4 μm) serial frontal sections in the animals of the control group (animals without pathological factors, n=5) in 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the experimental modeling of CCA occlusion (n=20) and TBI (n=20). Morphometric analysis was performed using the ImageJ 1.52s software. The relative area of edema-swelling zones in the neuropil, the number density of pyramidal neurons, the content of dystrophic and necrobiotically altered neurons, the content of neurons with one or more nucleoli, proliferating cells, the density of large trunks of pyramidal neurons dendrites, the total number density and the relative area of giant synaptic terminals in stratum lucidum was detected. The distribution of variation series, the verification of statistical hypotheses, and the construction of graphs were assessed using the Statistica 8.0 software and the R.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Mortality between groups did not differ and did not exceed 7%. In a day after CCA occlusion and TBI, there was a statistically significant increase in the relative volume of edema-swelling, the content of dystrophic and necrobiotically altered neurons, the total number density and the relative area of the terminals decreased, but the total number density of neurons did not change. In 3, 7 and 14 days, the mechanisms of neuroglio- and synaptic plasticity were activated. The content of neurons with two or more nucleoli increased, the total number and content of hypertrophied astrocytes increased, the cytoskeleton of damaged neurons was restored, and the content of interneuronal synapses increased. During the period from 3 to 14 days, the total number density of neurons in CCA occlusion decreased by 16.3%, and in TBI – by 33.7% (p=0.001). Pathological and compensatory-restorative changes were of a diffuse-focal nature and were more pronounced after TBI.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Thus, the same type of focal heterochronous and heteromorphic dystrophic, necrobiotic and compensatory-restorative changes in the nervous tissue were observed after CCA occlusion and TBI in the hippocampal CA3 region. Structural and functional recovery occurred together with a decrease in the total numerical density of pyramidal neurons and edema-swelling of the nervous tissue. More pronounced dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in TBI were combined with more pronounced compensatory-restorative changes in astrocytes and giant interneuronal synapses of the hippocampal CA3 region. The revealed changes were considered as the basis for the standard permanent compensatory-restorative reorganization of the nervous tissue of the hippocampus in the postischemic and post-traumatic periods.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острая ишемия</kwd><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd><kwd>СА3 гиппокампа</kwd><kwd>нейроны</kwd><kwd>дендриты</kwd><kwd>синапсы</kwd><kwd>цитоскелет</kwd><kwd>астроглия</kwd><kwd>иммуногистохимия</kwd><kwd>морфометрия</kwd><kwd>крысы Wistar</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute ischemia</kwd><kwd>traumatic brain injury</kwd><kwd>hippocampal CA3 region</kwd><kwd>neurons</kwd><kwd>dendrites</kwd><kwd>synapses</kwd><kwd>cytoskeleton</kwd><kwd>astroglia</kwd><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>morphometry</kwd><kwd>Wistar rats</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боровиков В. Statistica. Искусство анализа данных на компьютере. 2-ое изд. СПб.: Питер; 2003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borovikov V. Statistica. Iskusstvo analiza dannykh na komp'yutere. 2-oe izd. Sain-Petersburg: Piter; 2003] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лю Б.Н., Исмаилов С.Б., Лю М.Б. Состояния цитоскелета: связь с «кислородно-перекисными» эффектами в норме, при клеточных патологиях и апоптозе. Биомедицинская химия. 2008;54(1):58–77</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyu BN, Ismailov SB, Lyu MB. The state of cytoskeleton and its links "oxygen-peroxide" effects in some pathologies and apoptosis. Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya. 2008;54(1):58–77] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семченко В.В., Степанов С.С., Боголепов Н.Н. Синаптическая пластичность головного мозга (фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты). М.: Директ-Медиа; 2014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semchenko VV, Stepanov SS, Bogolepov NN. Sinapticheskaya plastichnost' golovnogo mozga (fundamental'nye i prikladnye aspekty). M.: Direkt-Media; 2014] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов А.С. Сравнительная характеристика синаптоархитектоники неокортекса, гиппокампа и миндалевидного комплекса белых крыс в норме и после острой ишемии. Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии. 2017; 6 (4): 47–54. doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2017-6-4-47-54</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov AS. Comparative characteristics of the white rats neocortex, hippocampus and amygdale complex synaptoarchitectonics in norm and after acute ischemia. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2017 Dec 12;6(4):47–54] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов А.С., Акулинин В.А., Степанов С.С., Авдеев Д.Б., Горбунова А.В. Коммуникация нейронов поля CA3 гиппокампа головного мозга белых крыс после острой ишемии. Общая реаниматология. 2018; 14(5): 38-49. doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2018-5-38-49</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov AS, Akulinin VA, Stepanov SS, Avdeev DB, Gorbunova AV. Neurons Communication in the Hippocampus of Field CA3 of the White Rat Brain after Acute ischemia. General Reanimatology. 2018 Oct 28;14(5):38–49] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов С.С., Акулинин В.А., Авдеев Д.Б., Степанов А.С., Горбунова А.В. Структурно-функциональная реорганизация ядрышкового аппарата нейронов неокортекса, архикортекса и базальных ганглиев головного мозга белых крыс после 20-минутной окклюзии общих сонных артерий. Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии. 2018;7(4):67–74. doi: 10.18499/2225-7357-2018-7-4-67-74</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov SS, Akulinin VA, Avdeev DB, Stepanov AS, Gorbunova AV. Structural-functional Reorganization of the Nucleolar Apparatus of Neurons of the Neocortex, Archicortex and Basal Ganglia of the Brain of White Rats After a 20-minute Occlusion of the Common Carotid Arteries. Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology. 2019 Jan 11;7(4):67–74] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яшкичев В.И. Изменение гидратации белков цитоскелета нейрона – механизм образования и движения нервного импульса. Социально-экологические технологии. 2015;1–2:58–64</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yashkichev VI. Change of hydration of proteins of the cytoskeleton – mechanism of creation and movement of nerve impulse. Environment and Human: Ecological Studies. 2015;1–2:58–64] (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arneson D, Zhang G, Ying Z, Zhuang Y, Byun HR, Ahn IS, et al. Single cell molecular alterations reveal target cells and pathways of concussive brain injury. Nature Communications. 2018 Sep 25;9(1):3894. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06222-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arneson D, Zhang G, Ying Z, Zhuang Y, Byun HR, Ahn IS, et al. Single cell molecular alterations reveal target cells and pathways of concussive brain injury. Nature Communications. 2018 Sep 25;9(1):3894. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06222-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blennow K, Brody DL, Kochanek PM, Levin H, McKee A, Ribbers GM, et al. Traumatic brain injuries. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2016 Nov 17;2(1): 16084. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.84</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blennow K, Brody DL, Kochanek PM, Levin H, McKee A, Ribbers GM, et al. Traumatic brain injuries. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2016 Nov 17;2(1): 16084. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.84</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cole JH, Jolly A, de Simoni S, Bourke N, Patel MC, Scott G, et al. Spatial patterns of progressive brain volume loss after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2018 Jan 4;141(3):822–36. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx354</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cole JH, Jolly A, de Simoni S, Bourke N, Patel MC, Scott G, et al. Spatial patterns of progressive brain volume loss after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2018 Jan 4;141(3):822–36. doi: 10.1093/brain/awx354</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV, et al. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths – United States, 1997–2007. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 2011;60:1–32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV, et al. Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths – United States, 1997–2007. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 2011;60:1–32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grieves RM, Duvelle É, Wood ER, Dudchenko PA. Field repetition and local mapping in the hippocampus and the medial entorhinal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2017 Oct 1;118(4):2378–88. doi: 10.1152/jn.00933.2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grieves RM, Duvelle É, Wood ER, Dudchenko PA. Field repetition and local mapping in the hippocampus and the medial entorhinal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2017 Oct 1;118(4):2378–88. doi: 10.1152/jn.00933.2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris TC, de Rooij R, Kuhl E. The Shrinking Brain: Cerebral Atrophy Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2019;47(9):1941–59. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-02148-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris TC, de Rooij R, Kuhl E. The Shrinking Brain: Cerebral Atrophy Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2019;47(9):1941–59. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-02148-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hobbiss AF, Ramiro-Cortés Y, Israely I. Homeostatic Plasticity Scales Dendritic Spine Volumes and Changes the Threshold and Specificity of Hebbian Plasticity. iScience. 2018 Oct;8:161–74. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.09.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hobbiss AF, Ramiro-Cortés Y, Israely I. Homeostatic Plasticity Scales Dendritic Spine Volumes and Changes the Threshold and Specificity of Hebbian Plasticity. iScience. 2018 Oct;8:161–74. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.09.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leal G, Bramham CR, Duarte CB. BDNF and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Vitamins and Hormones. 2017;104:153–95. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leal G, Bramham CR, Duarte CB. BDNF and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Vitamins and Hormones. 2017;104:153–95. doi: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Legéndy CR. On the ‘data stirring’ role of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2017 Jul 26;28(6):599–615. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0080</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Legéndy CR. On the ‘data stirring’ role of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2017 Jul 26;28(6):599–615. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0080</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Majdan M, Plancikova D, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, Nieboer D, Feigin V, et al. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis. The Lancet Public Health. 2016 Dec;1(2):e76–83. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30017-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Majdan M, Plancikova D, Brazinova A, Rusnak M, Nieboer D, Feigin V, et al. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis. The Lancet Public Health. 2016 Dec;1(2):e76–83. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30017-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moser EI, Moser M-B, McNaughton BL. Spatial representation in the hippocampal formation: a history. Nature Neuroscience. 2017 Nov;20(11):1448–64. doi: 10.1038/nn.4653</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moser EI, Moser M-B, McNaughton BL. Spatial representation in the hippocampal formation: a history. Nature Neuroscience. 2017 Nov;20(11):1448–64. doi: 10.1038/nn.4653</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2019 Nov 27;13:528. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ng SY, Lee AYW. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 2019 Nov 27;13:528. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00528</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palacios EM, Sala-Llonch R, Junque C, Fernandez-Espejo D, Roig T, Tormos JM, et al. Long-term declarative memory deficits in diffuse TBI: Correlations with cortical thickness, white matter integrity and hippocampal volume. Cortex. 2013 Mar;49(3):646–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palacios EM, Sala-Llonch R, Junque C, Fernandez-Espejo D, Roig T, Tormos JM, et al. Long-term declarative memory deficits in diffuse TBI: Correlations with cortical thickness, white matter integrity and hippocampal volume. Cortex. 2013 Mar;49(3):646–57. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 5th ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paxinos G, Watson C. The Rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 5th ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press; 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raven F, Van der Zee EA, Meerlo P, Havekes R. The role of sleep in regulating structural plasticity and synaptic strength: Implications for memory and cognitive function. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2018 Jun;39:3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.05.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raven F, Van der Zee EA, Meerlo P, Havekes R. The role of sleep in regulating structural plasticity and synaptic strength: Implications for memory and cognitive function. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2018 Jun;39:3–11. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.05.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rennert RC, Wali AR, Steinberg JA, Santiago-Dieppa DR, Olson SE, Pannell JS, et al. Epidemiology, Natural History, and Clinical Presentation of Large Vessel Ischemic Stroke. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jun 14;85(suppl_1):S4–8. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyz042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rennert RC, Wali AR, Steinberg JA, Santiago-Dieppa DR, Olson SE, Pannell JS, et al. Epidemiology, Natural History, and Clinical Presentation of Large Vessel Ischemic Stroke. Neurosurgery. 2019 Jun 14;85(suppl_1):S4–8. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyz042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spitz G, Bigler ED, Abildskov T, Maller JJ, O’Sullivan R, Ponsford JL. Regional cortical volume and cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury. Brain and Cognition. 2013 Oct;83(1):34–44. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spitz G, Bigler ED, Abildskov T, Maller JJ, O’Sullivan R, Ponsford JL. Regional cortical volume and cognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury. Brain and Cognition. 2013 Oct;83(1):34–44. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC. Concussion in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2015 Aug 11;19(10):47. doi: 10.1007/s11916-015-0522-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stein TD, Alvarez VE, McKee AC. Concussion in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2015 Aug 11;19(10):47. doi: 10.1007/s11916-015-0522-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van den Bedem H, Kuhl E. Molecular mechanisms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering. 2017 Mar;1:23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.02.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van den Bedem H, Kuhl E. Molecular mechanisms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering. 2017 Mar;1:23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.02.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
