anatomyЖурнал анатомии и гистопатологииJournal of Anatomy and Histopathology2225-7357N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-4-9-18anatomy-1197Research ArticleОБЗОРНАЯ СТАТЬЯREVIEW ARTICLEПатоморфологические и молекулярно-биологические аспекты повреждения кровеносных сосудов при COVID-19Pathomorphological and Molecular Biological Aspects of Blood Vessel Injury in COVID-19ЕсауленкоИ. Э.EsaulenkoI. E.

Воронеж

Voronezh

НикитюкД. Б.NikityukD. B.

Москва

Moscow

АлексееваН. Т.AlexeevaN. T.

Воронеж

Voronezh

ШевченкоА. А.ShevchenkoA. A.

Воронеж

Voronezh

СоколовД. А.SokolovD. A.

Соколов Дмитрий Александрович

ул. Студенческая, 10, Воронеж, 394036

Dmitrii Sokolov

ul. Studencheskaya, 10, Voronezh, 394036

janhist@yandex.ruКлочковаС. В.KlochkovaS. V.

Москва

Moscow

КварацхелияА. Г.KvaratskheliyaA. G.

Воронеж

Voronezh

ФилинА. А.FilinA. A.

Воронеж

Voronezh

ТутельянВ. А.Tutel'yanV. A.

Москва

Moscow

ФГБОУ ВО «Воронежский государственный медицинский университет им. Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава РоссииN.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical UniversityФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет)The Federal Research Centre of Biotechnology and Food Safety; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)БУЗ ВО «Воронежская городская клиническая больница скорой медицинской помощи №1»Voronezh Municipal Clinical Emergency Hospital № 1ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»; ГАУЗ «Московский научно-практический центр медицинской реабилитации, восстановительной и спортивной медицины ДЗМ»Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine MoscowФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»The Federal Research Centre of Biotechnology and Food Safety20201701202194918Copyright © Есауленко И.Э., Никитюк Д.Б., Алексеева Н.Т., Шевченко А.А., Соколов Д.А., Клочкова С.В., Кварацхелия А.Г., Филин А.А., Тутельян В.А., 20212021Есауленко И.Э., Никитюк Д.Б., Алексеева Н.Т., Шевченко А.А., Соколов Д.А., Клочкова С.В., Кварацхелия А.Г., Филин А.А., Тутельян В.А.Esaulenko I.E., Nikityuk D.B., Alexeeva N.T., Shevchenko A.A., Sokolov D.A., Klochkova S.V., Kvaratskheliya A.G., Filin A.A., Tutel'yan V.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1197

Коронавирусная инфекция COVID-19, вызванная SARS-CoV-2, связана не только с широким спектром респираторных синдромов, но и с выраженным деструктивным влиянием на кровеносные сосуды всего организма. Возраст и сопутствующая патология, предрасполагают к более тяжелому течению заболевания. В качестве общих неспецифических патоморфолологических изменений, развивающихся в кровеносных сосудах под влиянием SARS-CoV-2, можно выделить повреждение эндотелия, распространенные васкулиты и тромбозы. Для кровеносных сосудов легких помимо альтерации эндотелия и тромбоза был характерен ангиогенез по расщепляющему (инвагинационному) типу. Общим механизмом альтерации кровеносных сосудов и развития васкулопатий является прямое цитопатическое воздействие вируса на эндотелиоциты и иммуноопосредованное повреждение эндотелия, проявляющееся развитием эндотелиита, деструкцией межклеточных контактов эндотелиальных клеток, их набухаением и разобщением с базальной мембраной, сопровождающееся эндо- и периваскулярным воспалением. Молекулярно-биологические механизмы инвазии вируса вовлекают различные пути его проникновения в клетку и разнообразные формы развития воспалительного ответа с участием реакций врожденного и приобретенного иммунитета.

The coronavirus infection, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated not only with a wide range of respiratory syndromes, but also with a pronounced destructive effect on the blood vessels of the whole body. Age and concomitant pathology predispose to a more severe course of the disease. Endothelial damage, widespread vasculitis and thrombosis can be distinguished as general nonspecific pathomorphological changes developing in blood vessels under the influence of SARS-CoV-2. For the blood vessels of the lungs, in addition to alteration of the endothelium and thrombosis, angiogenesis of the cleaving (invagination) type was typical. The general mechanism of alteration of blood vessels and the development of vasculopathy is the direct cytopathic effect of the virus on endotheliocytes and immune-mediated damage to the endothelium, manifested by the development of endotheliitis, destruction of intercellular contacts of endothelial cells, their swelling and separation from the basement membrane, accompanied by endo- and perivascular inflammation. Molecular biological mechanisms of virus invasion involve various ways of its penetration into the cell and various forms of development of the inflammatory response with the participation of innate and acquired immunity reactions.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.