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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-3-86-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1161</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфофункциональные особенности мукозассоциированной лимфоидной ткани кишечника как органа иммунной системы и ее роль в развитии заболеваний</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphofunctional features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of intestine as an organ of immune system and its role in the development of diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Украинец</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ukrainets</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>проспект Гагарина, 27, Смоленск, 214018, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>prospekt Gagarina, 27, Smolensk, 214018, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ukrainets.roman@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнева</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneva</surname><given-names>Yu. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смоленск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Smolensk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аленина</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alenina</surname><given-names>G. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смоленск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Доронина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Doronina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смоленск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Смоленский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; ОГБУЗ «Смоленcкий областной институт патологии»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Smolensk Regional Institute of Pathology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ОГБУЗ «Клиническая больница скорой медицинской помощи»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Clinical Emergency Hospital</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Украинец Р.В., Корнева Ю.С., Аленина Г.Н., Доронина Н.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Украинец Р.В., Корнева Ю.С., Аленина Г.Н., Доронина Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ukrainets R.V., Korneva Y.S., Alenina G.N., Doronina N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1161">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1161</self-uri><abstract><p>Система мононуклеарных фагоцитов (СМФ) считается одним из центров регуляции местного иммунного ответа. Она принимает участие в большинстве физиологических и патологических процессов, а именно - местном гомеостазе, регуляции трофики и иммунологических реакций как первичного, так и вторичного иммунного ответа. Основной клеточной популяцией СФМ является макрофаг, который является стационарной клеткой, способной передвигаться лишь в пределах тканевого пласта. Под непосредственным контролем макрофагов находятся дендритные клетки, также являющиеся представителями СМФ. В слизистой оболочке кишечника сосредоточено до 80% всех иммунокомпетентных клеток. Для адекватного взаимодействия с кишечной микробиотой и обеспечения иммунологической толерантности к нормальным комменсалам имеется лимфоидная ткань, ассоциированная со слизистой оболочкой кишечника (gut-associated lymphoid tissue – GALT), в составе которой мононуклеарные фагоциты реализуют свои наиболее значимые функции. При проникновении в слизистую оболочку патогенных микроорганизмов сеть резидентных макрофагов как иммунный барьер запускает воспалительную реакцию для последующей стабилизации гомеостаза. Однако, выраженная микробная и антигенная нагрузка в кишке требует обязательного присутствия клеток специфического иммунитета – лимфоцитов, незрелые формы которых располагаются в структурах GALT и специализируются под руководством мононуклеарных фагоцитов. После окончательной дифференцировки лимфоциты, экспрессируя интегрин α4β7, способны из системного кровотока вновь вернуться в слизистую оболочку кишечника для выполнения высокоспецифичных функций. Данный феномен именуется хоуминг-эффектом. Отмечено, что при неспецифическом язвенном колите и болезни Крона увеличивается как количество регуляторных Т-лимфоцитов, так и экспрессия ими интегрина α4β7. Патология хоуминг-эффекта, по мнению некоторых исследователей, объясняет возможность отдаленных вторичных поражений при хронических воспалительных заболеваниях кишечника с развитием системной патологии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Reticuloendothelial system (RES) is considered one of the local immune response regulation centers. It takes part in most physiological and pathological processes, namely, in local homeostasis, in regulation of trophism and immunological responses of both primary and secondary immune responses. The main cell population of (RES) is a macrophage, which is a stationary cell that can move only within the tissue layer. Dendritic cells as representatives of (RES) as well are under direct control of macrophages. Up to 80% of all immunocompetent cells are concentrated in the intestinal mucosa. For adequate interaction with the intestinal microbiota and ensuring immunological tolerance to normal commensals, there is a lymphoid tissue associated with the intestinal mucosa (gut-associated lymphoid tissue – GALT), in which mononuclear phagocytes perform their most significant functions. When pathogenic microorganisms enter the mucosa, the network of resident macrophages as an immune barrier triggers an inflammatory response to further stabilize homeostasis. However, a pronounced microbial and antigenic load in the gut requires the mandatory presence of specific immune cells – lymphocytes, whose immature forms are located in GALT structures and specialize under the guidance of mononuclear phagocytes. After the final differentiation, lymphocytes expressing integrin α4β7 are able to return from the systemic bloodstream to the intestinal mucosa to perform highly specific functions. This phenomenon is called the homing effect. It was noted that in non-specific ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, both the number of regulatory T-lymphocytes and their expression of integrin α4β7 increases. The pathology of the homing effect, according to some researchers, explains the possibility of follow-up secondary lesions in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases with the development of systemic pathology.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>макрофаг</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>дендритные клетки</kwd><kwd>кишечник</kwd><kwd>хоуминг-эффект</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>macrophage</kwd><kwd>lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>dendritic cells</kwd><kwd>gut</kwd><kwd>homing effect</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазарева Т.С., Жвания Ф.Ф. Желудочнокишечный тракт, микрофлора и иммунитет. 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