<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-2-106-114</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1124</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ МОРФОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Основные вехи профессиональной деятельности Николая Ивановича Пирогова в Санкт-Петербурге (1841–1860). Часть I</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Highlights of the professional activities of Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov before and after his professoriate in Saint Petersburg (1841–1860). Part I</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хендрикс</surname><given-names>И. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hendriks</surname><given-names>I. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>MA, Department of the Executive Board</p><p>Post zone H-01-46, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MA, Department of the Executive Board</p><p>Post zone H-01-46, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">i.f.hendriks@lumc.nl</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бовилл</surname><given-names>Дж. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bovill</surname><given-names>J. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейден</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leiden</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravlev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бур</surname><given-names>Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boer</surname><given-names>F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейден</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leiden</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хоуварт</surname><given-names>Э. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Houwaart</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маастрихт</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maastricht</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хогендурн</surname><given-names>П. С.У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hogendoorn</surname><given-names>P. C.W.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лейден</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leiden</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайворонский</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaivoronskii</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Медицинский центр Лейденского университета</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Leiden University Medical Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинский музей</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Museum</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Маастрихта</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Maastricht</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» Минобороны России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>114</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хендрикс И.Ф., Бовилл Д.Г., Журавлев Д.А., Бур Ф., Хоуварт Э.С., Хогендурн П.С., Гайворонский И.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хендрикс И.Ф., Бовилл Д.Г., Журавлев Д.А., Бур Ф., Хоуварт Э.С., Хогендурн П.С., Гайворонский И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hendriks I.F., Bovill J.S., Zhuravlev D.A., Boer F., Houwaart E.S., Hogendoorn P.C., Gaivoronskii I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1124">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1124</self-uri><abstract/><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"/><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Россия (до 1917 г.)</kwd><kwd>Николай Пирогов</kwd><kwd>история</kwd><kwd>медицина</kwd><kwd>Красный Крест</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russia – (pre1917)</kwd><kwd>Nikolay Pirogov</kwd><kwd>history</kwd><kwd>medicine</kwd><kwd>Red Cross</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">The authors are grateful for the immense and generous help and support they received from Mrs. Liudmila B. Narusova, President of the Anatoly Sobchak Foundation, for allowing access to the archives and libraries of museums and of scientific institutes in Saint Petersburg. We are also very thankful to Prof. Dr. A.A. Budko, director of the Military Medical Museum and his staff, and to Prof. Dr. A.Ya. Fisun, general director of the Military Medical Academy in Saint Petersburg and his staff for their kind support and enthusiasm.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adstrum S, Nicholson H. A history of fascia. Clinical Anatomy. 2019 Apr;32(7):862–70. doi: 10.1002/ca.23371</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adstrum S, Nicholson H. A history of fascia. Clinical Anatomy. 2019 Apr;32(7):862–70. doi: 10.1002/ca.23371</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anon. Cooper AP. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anon. Cooper AP. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1989.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anon. Cooper AP. In: Chisholm H, ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anon. Cooper AP. In: Chisholm H, ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anon. Section: General Meeting. In: Roth W, ed. Minutes XII International Congress of Medicine. Moscow: I.N. Kouchnereff &amp; Cie; 1900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anon. Section: General Meeting. In: Roth W, ed. Minutes XII International Congress of Medicine. Moscow: I.N. Kouchnereff &amp; Cie; 1900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleby JH. Ivan the Terrible to Peter the Great: British formative influence on Russia’s medicoapothecary system. Medical History. 1983 Jul;27(3):289–304. doi: 10.1017/s0025727300042976</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleby JH. Ivan the Terrible to Peter the Great: British formative influence on Russia’s medicoapothecary system. Medical History. 1983 Jul;27(3):289–304. doi: 10.1017/s0025727300042976</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakunina EM. Memories. Nurses of the Community of the Holy Cross. (1854-1860). Vestnik Evropy. 1898;4:511–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakunina EM. Memories. Nurses of the Community of the Holy Cross. (1854-1860). Vestnik Evropy. 1898;4:511–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertenson JV. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. Outline of his public activities as a professor, surgeon, writer and educator. From 24 May 1831 till 24 May 1881. Saint Petersburg: K. Rikker; 1881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertenson JV. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. Outline of his public activities as a professor, surgeon, writer and educator. From 24 May 1831 till 24 May 1881. Saint Petersburg: K. Rikker; 1881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bettany GT, Cooper AP. In: Stephen L, ed. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder &amp; Co.; 1887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bettany GT, Cooper AP. In: Stephen L, ed. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder &amp; Co.; 1887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boissier P. History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. From Solferino to Tsushima. Geneva, Henry Dunant Institute, 1985.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boissier P. History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. From Solferino to Tsushima. Geneva, Henry Dunant Institute, 1985.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosscha J. The Red Cross. 's Gravenhage, De gebroeders van Cleef; 1867.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosscha J. The Red Cross. 's Gravenhage, De gebroeders van Cleef; 1867.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chistovich Y. History.The first medical school in Russia. Saint Petersburg: Yakova Treya; 1883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chistovich Y. History.The first medical school in Russia. Saint Petersburg: Yakova Treya; 1883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cazenove L. War and humanity in the nineteenth century. Lyon: Salut Public; 1869.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Cazenove L. War and humanity in the nineteenth century. Lyon: Salut Public; 1869.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunant JH. Un souvenir de Solferino. Geneve: JulesGuillaume Fick; 1862.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunant JH. Un souvenir de Solferino. Geneve: JulesGuillaume Fick; 1862.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evrard E. A Report of the Russian military surgeon Pirogoff about a campaign in the war in the Caucasus (1847). Medical legal considerations. Annales de droit international medical. 1972:35–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evrard E. A Report of the Russian military surgeon Pirogoff about a campaign in the war in the Caucasus (1847). Medical legal considerations. Annales de droit international medical. 1972:35–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fearn SW. Case of Aneurysm of the arteria innominata and of the origin of the subclavian artery, treated by ligatire of the common carotid artery. London: The Lancet.; 1836–1837.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fearn SW. Case of Aneurysm of the arteria innominata and of the origin of the subclavian artery, treated by ligatire of the common carotid artery. London: The Lancet.; 1836–1837.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferriere FA. Revue trimestrielle de medicine militaire, medicine interne. Bulletin International des Societes de la Croix-Rouge. 1898;29:154–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferriere FA. Revue trimestrielle de medicine militaire, medicine interne. Bulletin International des Societes de la Croix-Rouge. 1898;29:154–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Genschorek W. Sister Florence Nightingale, the triumph of humanity. Leipzig: BSB B.G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, S. Hirsel Verlag Leipzig: 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Genschorek W. Sister Florence Nightingale, the triumph of humanity. Leipzig: BSB B.G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, S. Hirsel Verlag Leipzig: 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geselevich AM. Scientific, literary and epistolary heritage of Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. In: prof. AN Bakulev, ed. Moscow: State Publisher of Medical Literature; 1956.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geselevich AM. Scientific, literary and epistolary heritage of Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov. In: prof. AN Bakulev, ed. Moscow: State Publisher of Medical Literature; 1956.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haas LF. Francois Magendie (1783–1855). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry. 1994 Jun 1;57(6):692–692. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.6.692</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haas LF. Francois Magendie (1783–1855). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry. 1994 Jun 1;57(6):692–692. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.57.6.692</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendriks IF, Bovill JG, Boer F, Houwaart ES, Hogendoorn PCW. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov: a surgeon’s contribution to military and civilian anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2014 Nov 4;70(2):219–27. doi: 10.1111/anae.12916</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendriks IF, Bovill JG, Boer F, Houwaart ES, Hogendoorn PCW. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov: a surgeon’s contribution to military and civilian anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2014 Nov 4;70(2):219–27. doi: 10.1111/anae.12916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendriks IF, Bovill JG, van Luijt PA, Hogendoorn PC. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881): A pioneering Russian surgeon and medical scientist. Journal of Medical Biography. 2016 Mar 8;26(1):10–22. doi: 10.1177/0967772016633399</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendriks IF, Bovill JG, van Luijt PA, Hogendoorn PC. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881): A pioneering Russian surgeon and medical scientist. Journal of Medical Biography. 2016 Mar 8;26(1):10–22. doi: 10.1177/0967772016633399</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendriks IF, Bovil JG, Zhuravlev DA, Gaivoronsky IV, Boer F, Hogendoorn PCW. The role of Dutch representatives in the development of medicine in Russia from the 9th to the 13th century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Medicine. 2019 Jun</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendriks IF, Bovil JG, Zhuravlev DA, Gaivoronsky IV, Boer F, Hogendoorn PCW. The role of Dutch representatives in the development of medicine in Russia from the 9th to the 13th century. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Medicine. 2019 Jun</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">;14(1):49–57. doi: 10.21638/11701/spbu10.2019.106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">25;14(1):49–57. doi: 10.21638/11701/spbu10.2019.106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendriks IF, Bovill JG, Zhuravlev DA, Gaivoronskii IV, Boer F, Hogendoorn PCW. The development of Russian Medicine in the Petrine era and the role of Dutch doctors in this process. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Medicine. 2019 Nov 14;14(2):158–72. doi: 10.21638/spbu11.2019.208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendriks IF, Bovill JG, Zhuravlev DA, Gaivoronskii IV, Boer F, Hogendoorn PCW. The development of Russian Medicine in the Petrine era and the role of Dutch doctors in this process. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University Medicine. 2019 Nov 14;14(2):158–72. doi: 10.21638/spbu11.2019.208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendriks I, Zhuravloyv D, Bovill J, Boer F, Hogendoorn P. Women in healthcare in Imperial Russia: The contribution of the surgeon Nikolay I Pirogov. Journal of Medical Biography. 2019 Jan 14:1–10. doi: 10.1177/0967772018818049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendriks I, Zhuravloyv D, Bovill J, Boer F, Hogendoorn P. Women in healthcare in Imperial Russia: The contribution of the surgeon Nikolay I Pirogov. Journal of Medical Biography. 2019 Jan 14:1–10. doi: 10.1177/0967772018818049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hendriks IF, Zhuravlev DA, Bovill JG, Boer F, Gaivoronskii IV, Hogendoorn PCW, et al. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881): Anatomical research to develop surgery. Clinical Anatomy. 2019 Nov 11;33(5):714–30. doi: 10.1002/ca.23493</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hendriks IF, Zhuravlev DA, Bovill JG, Boer F, Gaivoronskii IV, Hogendoorn PCW, et al. Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881): Anatomical research to develop surgery. Clinical Anatomy. 2019 Nov 11;33(5):714–30. doi: 10.1002/ca.23493</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernigou P, Gravina N, Potage D, Dubory A. History of club-foot treatment; part II: tenotomy in the nineteenth century. International Orthopaedics. 2017 Jul 22;41(10):2205–12. doi: 10.1007/s00264-017-3578-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernigou P, Gravina N, Potage D, Dubory A. History of club-foot treatment; part II: tenotomy in the nineteenth century. International Orthopaedics. 2017 Jul 22;41(10):2205–12. doi: 10.1007/s00264-017-3578-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalamanov VA. The Emergence and Development of the Red Cross Movement in Russia. In: Durand RMJ, ed. Preludes and pioneers. Precursors of the Red Cross 1840-1860. Geneva: Society Henry Dunant; 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalamanov VA. The Emergence and Development of the Red Cross Movement in Russia. In: Durand RMJ, ed. Preludes and pioneers. Precursors of the Red Cross 1840-1860. Geneva: Society Henry Dunant; 1991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koni AO. Essays and memoires. (Public readings, speeches, articles and notes). Saint Petersburg: AC Suvorina; 1906.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koni AO. Essays and memoires. (Public readings, speeches, articles and notes). Saint Petersburg: AC Suvorina; 1906.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzionov PV. Participation of women in caring for the wounded and ill during the Crimean and RussoTurkish Wars. Med Sestra. 1988 Feb;47(2):47-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzionov PV. Participation of women in caring for the wounded and ill during the Crimean and RussoTurkish Wars. Med Sestra. 1988 Feb;47(2):47-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuzmin MK, Sorokina TS. Medicine in ancient Russia. Feldsher. Akush 1984;49:31–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmin MK, Sorokina TS. Medicine in ancient Russia. Feldsher. Akush 1984;49:31–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazorthes G, Campan L. Franсois Magendie (1783-1855). Bull Acad Natl Med. Jan-Feb 1984;168(1-2):105-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazorthes G, Campan L. Franсois Magendie (1783-1855). Bull Acad Natl Med. Jan-Feb 1984;168(1-2):105-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Likhachev DS. Tale of the Bygone Years. Here is the tale of the bygone years, where the Russian land came from, who in Kiev was the first ruler, and how the Russianland arose. Moscow-Augsburg: Im Werden Verlag: 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Likhachev DS. Tale of the Bygone Years. Here is the tale of the bygone years, where the Russian land came from, who in Kiev was the first ruler, and how the Russianland arose. Moscow-Augsburg: Im Werden Verlag: 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonald L. Florence Nightingale on Wars and The War Office. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonald L. Florence Nightingale on Wars and The War Office. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Müller R. History of the development of the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention with the support of its founder J.H. Dunant. Following a commemoration of Solferino by J. Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross and author of the Geneva Convention, and sections of his memoirs. Stuttgart: Druck und Verlag von Greiner &amp; Pfeiffer; 1897.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Müller R. History of the development of the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention with the support of its founder J.H. Dunant. Following a commemoration of Solferino by J. Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross and author of the Geneva Convention, and sections of his memoirs. Stuttgart: Druck und Verlag von Greiner &amp; Pfeiffer; 1897.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nurses. A collection of letters of the nurses of the Holy Cross Society. The care for the wounded. 2nd ed. Saint Petersburg: Morskoy Sbornik; 1865.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nurses. A collection of letters of the nurses of the Holy Cross Society. The care for the wounded. 2nd ed. Saint Petersburg: Morskoy Sbornik; 1865.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oborin NA. The first Centre for Higher Medical Education in Russia. (For the 280th anniversary of the Moscow hospital and the Moscow medical-surgical school – the Military Medical Academy named S.M. Kirov). Klin. Med (Mosk). 1990;68:118–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oborin NA. The first Centre for Higher Medical Education in Russia. (For the 280th anniversary of the Moscow hospital and the Moscow medical-surgical school – the Military Medical Academy named S.M. Kirov). Klin. Med (Mosk). 1990;68:118–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Is ligation of the abdominal aorta with an aneurysm of the groin a readily feasible and safe intervention? Dorpat, Livonia: JC Schcnmann; 1832.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Is ligation of the abdominal aorta with an aneurysm of the groin a readily feasible and safe intervention? Dorpat, Livonia: JC Schcnmann; 1832.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and the fibrous fasciae. 1 ed. Dorpat: CA Kluge; 1838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Surgical anatomy of the arterial trunks and the fibrous fasciae. 1 ed. Dorpat: CA Kluge; 1838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogoff NI. Uber die Moglichkeit der Unterbinding der Aorta abdominalis. Journal der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde. 1838;27:122–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogoff NI. Uber die Moglichkeit der Unterbinding der Aorta abdominalis. Journal der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde. 1838;27:122–46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogoff NI. Uber die Moglichkeit der Unterbinding der Aorta abdominal. Schluss. Journal der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde. 1838;27:241–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogoff NI. Uber die Moglichkeit der Unterbinding der Aorta abdominal. Schluss. Journal der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde. 1838;27:241–59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. About the intersection of the Achilles tendon as an operational-orthopaedic medicine. Dorpat: Franz Kluge; 1840.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. About the intersection of the Achilles tendon as an operational-orthopaedic medicine. Dorpat: Franz Kluge; 1840.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Medical Report of a Journey to the Caucasus, containing statistical comparison of amputations, experimental research of firearms injuries, and a detailed description of the anaesthesia results, obtained on the battlefield and in different hospitals in Russia. 1 ed. Saint Petersburg: Printing House of the Journal of Saint Petersburg; 1849.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Medical Report of a Journey to the Caucasus, containing statistical comparison of amputations, experimental research of firearms injuries, and a detailed description of the anaesthesia results, obtained on the battlefield and in different hospitals in Russia. 1 ed. Saint Petersburg: Printing House of the Journal of Saint Petersburg; 1849.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Continuation of news. About the nurses of the Holy Cross Community. Care for the wounded in the Crimea. Morskoy Sbornik. 1855;14:366–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Continuation of news. About the nurses of the Holy Cross Community. Care for the wounded in the Crimea. Morskoy Sbornik. 1855;14:366–76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Extract from the report, presented to Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, by professor Pirogov, on the activities of the nurses of the Holy Cross community and the doctors seconded to this community. Morskoy Sbornik. 1855;16:150–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Extract from the report, presented to Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, by professor Pirogov, on the activities of the nurses of the Holy Cross community and the doctors seconded to this community. Morskoy Sbornik. 1855;16:150–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Broad guidelines for general war surgery, according to reminiscences from the wars in the Crimea and the Caucasus and from the hospital practice. Leipzig: Verlag von F.C.W. Vogel; 1864.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Broad guidelines for general war surgery, according to reminiscences from the wars in the Crimea and the Caucasus and from the hospital practice. Leipzig: Verlag von F.C.W. Vogel; 1864.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Historical overview. Activities of the Holy Cross community, the care of the sisters for the sick and wounded in military hospitals in the Crimea and the Kherson oblast, form 1 December 1854 to 1 December 1855. Morskoy Sbornik. 1867;21:165–97.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Historical overview. Activities of the Holy Cross community, the care of the sisters for the sick and wounded in military hospitals in the Crimea and the Kherson oblast, form 1 December 1854 to 1 December 1855. Morskoy Sbornik. 1867;21:165–97.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Report on the visit to the military - sanitary facilities in Germany, Lorraine and Elsa in 1870 by N. Pirogoff. With permission of the author translated to German by N. Iwanoff, MD. Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel; 1871.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Report on the visit to the military - sanitary facilities in Germany, Lorraine and Elsa in 1870 by N. Pirogoff. With permission of the author translated to German by N. Iwanoff, MD. Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel; 1871.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. The warfare, the sanitation service, and the private aid on the battlefields in Bulgaria and in the back of the operating Army 1877 - 1878. Translated from the Russian language by dr. Wilhelm Roth and dr. Anton Schmidt. 1 edn. Leipzig: Verlag von F.C.W. Vogel; 1882.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. The warfare, the sanitation service, and the private aid on the battlefields in Bulgaria and in the back of the operating Army 1877 - 1878. Translated from the Russian language by dr. Wilhelm Roth and dr. Anton Schmidt. 1 edn. Leipzig: Verlag von F.C.W. Vogel; 1882.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Collected Works in 8 Volumes. Volume I: Proceedings of Experimental and Clinical Surgery (1832-1840). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Meditsinskoy Literatury; 1957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Collected Works in 8 Volumes. Volume I: Proceedings of Experimental and Clinical Surgery (1832-1840). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatelstvo Meditsinskoy Literatury; 1957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI, Zarechnak GV. Questions of life: diary of an old physician. Canton, Ma: Science History Publications, U.S.A; 1991.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI, Zarechnak GV. Questions of life: diary of an old physician. Canton, Ma: Science History Publications, U.S.A; 1991.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Sevastopol letters. Saint Petersburg: Knigovek Knizhny Klub; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Sevastopol letters. Saint Petersburg: Knigovek Knizhny Klub; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pirogov NI. Questions of Life. Diary of an old physician, written exclusively for himself, but not without a second thought, that may be somewhere somebody will read it also. 5 November 1879 – 22 October 1881. Saint Petersburg: 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pirogov NI. Questions of Life. Diary of an old physician, written exclusively for himself, but not without a second thought, that may be somewhere somebody will read it also. 5 November 1879 – 22 October 1881. Saint Petersburg: 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richter WM. History of Medicine in Russia. 1st ed. Vol. I. Moscow: N.S. Wsewolojsky; 1813.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richter WM. History of Medicine in Russia. 1st ed. Vol. I. Moscow: N.S. Wsewolojsky; 1813.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richter WM. History of Medicine in Russia. 1st ed. Vol. III. Moscow: N.S. Wsewolojsky, 1817.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richter WM. History of Medicine in Russia. 1st ed. Vol. III. Moscow: N.S. Wsewolojsky, 1817.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorokina TS. History of Medicine. Moscow: Academia; 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokina TS. History of Medicine. Moscow: Academia; 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shalaev SA. N.I. Pirogov – founder of the first hospital surgical clinic. Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery. 1991;146:130–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalaev SA. N.I. Pirogov – founder of the first hospital surgical clinic. Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery. 1991;146:130–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Francois Magendie: early French physiologist. Mayo Clin Proc; 1987:412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Francois Magendie: early French physiologist. Mayo Clin Proc; 1987:412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spasskiy IT. On plastic surgery in general, about rhinoplasty in particular. Lecture at the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Science by N. Pirogov, PhD, MD, 9 december 1835. Voenno-Meditsinskiy Zhurnal. 1836;28:3–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spasskiy IT. On plastic surgery in general, about rhinoplasty in particular. Lecture at the Imperial Saint Petersburg Academy of Science by N. Pirogov, PhD, MD, 9 december 1835. Voenno-Meditsinskiy Zhurnal. 1836;28:3–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stromeyer GFL. Die Durchschneidung des Achillessehne, als Heilmethode des Klumpfusses, durch zwei Falle erlautert. Mag. ges. Hielk. (Rust). 1833;39:195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stromeyer GFL. Die Durchschneidung des Achillessehne, als Heilmethode des Klumpfusses, durch zwei Falle erlautert. Mag. ges. Hielk. (Rust). 1833;39:195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Szymanowski J. Nicol. Pirogff's Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia with 50 drawings. Reedited by Julius Szymanovski. Leipzig und Heidelberg: C.F. Winter's Verlagshandlung; 1860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szymanowski J. Nicol. Pirogff's Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia with 50 drawings. Reedited by Julius Szymanovski. Leipzig und Heidelberg: C.F. Winter's Verlagshandlung; 1860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tupitsa IF. The Founding of the Russian Society of the Red Cross and the development of its activities in the period 1867-1875. (Systematic collection of materials). Kiev: Local Government Organization, The St. Vladimir University (I.I. Zavadskago); 1881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tupitsa IF. The Founding of the Russian Society of the Red Cross and the development of its activities in the period 1867-1875. (Systematic collection of materials). Kiev: Local Government Organization, The St. Vladimir University (I.I. Zavadskago); 1881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Unknown. A note on N.I. Pirogov. International Review of the Red Cross Archive. 1974; 14:499–500.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Unknown. A note on N.I. Pirogov. International Review of the Red Cross Archive. 1974; 14:499–500.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verdoorn JA. Physician and War. Medical and social care for military victims of war in the history of Europe. 2nd ed. Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing; 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verdoorn JA. Physician and War. Medical and social care for military victims of war in the history of Europe. 2nd ed. Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing; 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
