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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">anatomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Журнал анатомии и гистопатологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2225-7357</issn><publisher><publisher-name>N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18499/2225-7357-2019-8-4-66-73</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">anatomy-1004</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфологические основы восстановления двигательной иннервации при травмах периферических нервов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological Foundations of Restoration of Motor Innervation in Injuries of Peripheral Nerves</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ништ</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nisht</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ништ Алексей Юрьевич.</p><p>ул. Лебедева, 6, Санкт-Петербург, 194044.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksei Nisht.</p><p>ul. Lebedeva, 6, St. Petersburg, 194044.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nachmed82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чирский</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chirsky</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Лебедева, 6, Санкт-Петербург, 194044.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Lebedeva, 6, St. Petersburg, 194044.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>Н. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>N. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ул. Лебедева, 6, Санкт-Петербург, 194044.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ul. Lebedeva, 6, St. Petersburg, 194044.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ништ А.Ю., Чирский В.С., Фомин Н.Ф., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ништ А.Ю., Чирский В.С., Фомин Н.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nisht A.Y., Chirsky V.S., Fomin N.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1004">https://anatomy.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1004</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность проблемы восстановления двигательной иннервации обусловлена существенной долей повреждений периферических нервов в общей структуре травматизма мирного и военного времени, а также высокой степенью риска стойкой утраты функций пораженной конечности. Травма периферических нервов приводит к комплексу патофизиологических процессов как со стороны поврежденных нервных стволов, так и со стороны денервированных тканей-мишеней. При этом морфологические изменения в тканях носят одновременно дегенеративный и регенеративный характер. Процесс вторичной дегенерации дистальных сегментов пересеченных аксонов имеет сходство с асептическим воспалением и является обязательным условием для последующей регенерации нервных волокон. Процесс реиннервации дистального сегмента пересеченного нервного ствола имеет определенное сходство с развитием периферических нервов в эмбриональном периоде, но продвижение ветвей регенерирующих аксонов в дистальном направлении происходит по сохранившимся  неврилеммальным  трубкам. Длительное отсутствие двигательной иннервации приводит к выраженным дистрофическим изменениям мышечных волокон и заполнению межклеточных пространств волокнистой соединительной тканью, что может стать причиной отсутствия функционального восстановления конечности даже при условии адекватной реиннервации терминальных ветвей поврежденного  нерва. Восстановление сократительной  активности реиннервированных мышц морфологически обусловлено функциональной гипертрофией сохранившихся мышечных волокон, так как полное восстановление иннервации всех мышечных волокон практически не достижимо в силу особенностей  техники  шва периферических  нервов  и закономерностей  регенерации  нервных  волокон. Таким образом, понимание закономерностей протекания и морфологических проявлений дегенеративно-регенераторных  процессов в тканях при травмах периферических  нервов позволит с морфологических позиций  обосновать  необходимость  выполнения  реконструктивно-пластических  вмешательств  на нервных стволах исходя из возможностей достижения значимых функциональных результатов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The problem of restoration of motor innervation is considered to be challenging due to a significant proportion of the peripheral nerve damage in the general structure of peacetime and wartime injuries, as well as a high risk of permanent function loss of the affected limb. Injuries of the peripheral nerves result in a complex of pathophysiological processes from both – the side of damaged nerve stems and the side of denervated target tissues. Moreover, the morphological picture of tissue changes is both degenerative and regenerative simultaneously. The process of secondary degeneration of the distal segments of crossed axons is similar to aseptic inflammation and is a prerequisite for the subsequent regeneration of nerve fibers. The process of reinnervation of the distal segment of the crossed nerve stem has a certain similarity with the development of peripheral nerves in the embryonic period, but the branches of regenerating axons move in the distal direction along the preserved neuriluminal tubes. A prolonged absence of motor innervation causes pronounced dystrophic changes in muscle fibers and intercellular spaces filling with the fibrous connective tissue; this, in turns, may result in a lack of functional limb restoration even if the terminal branches of the damaged nerve are adequately reinnervated. The restoration of contractile activity of reinnervated muscles is morphologically determined by the functional hypertrophy of the preserved muscle fibers, since the complete restoration of the innervation of all muscle fibers is practically not achievable due to the peculiarities of the peripheral nerve suture technique and the patterns of nerve fiber regeneration. Thus, an understanding of the patterns and morphological manifestations of degenerative-regenerative processes in tissues with injuries of peripheral nerves will allow substantiating the need for reconstructive plastic interventions on nerve stems from morphological points of view, based on the possibilities of achieving significant functional results.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>периферический нерв</kwd><kwd>травма периферических нервов</kwd><kwd>вторичная дегенерация</kwd><kwd>трофоневротическая  мышечная атрофия</kwd><kwd>регенерация нервных волокон</kwd><kwd>реиннервация тканей</kwd><kwd>компенсаторная гипертрофия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>peripheral nerve</kwd><kwd>peripheral nerve injury</kwd><kwd>secondary degeneration</kwd><kwd>trophoneurotic muscular atrophy</kwd><kwd>regeneration of nerve fibers</kwd><kwd>tissue reinnervation</kwd><kwd>compensatory hypertrophy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Е.Д. 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